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A INENGIES

OF THE

Sok NEGIE MUSEURI

Vou. TE

1903-1904

Mi js ROLLAND SE. Ds, Sc.D. LL. 2aior

J. B. HATCHER, Pu.B., Associate Editor

PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHORITY OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE CARNEGIE INSTITUTE

PRESS OF THE NEw ERA PRINTING COMPANY LANCASTER, PA

EABEE OP CONTEN is:

Title-page and Table of Contents. List of Plates

i-iii

Vv List of Illustrations : - vi-vii Editorials. : ‘ I-4, I41-144, 431-433, 477-480 I. Astropecten ? riGttanSeA new Star-fish from the Fort Ben-

ton ; and some Geological Notes. By Earl Douglass. 5-8 II. Discovery of Remains of Astrodon (//euroce/us) in the At- lantosaurus Beds of Wyoming. By J. B. Hatcher g-14 III. Osteology of the Limicole. By Dr. R. W. Shufeldt. 15-70 IV. Minute Book of the Virginia Court held for Yohogania County, first at Augusta Town (now Washington, Pa.), and afterwards on the Andrew Heath Farm near West Elizabeth, 1776-1780. Introduction by Boyd Crumrine. 71-140 V. New Vertebrates from the Montana Tertiary. By Earl Douglass . 145-200 VI. Description of a New Canis cid Snecies fi Tartoiee fom the Jurassic of Colorado. By O. P. Hay . 201-204 VII. Minute Book of Virginia Court held for Yohogania County, first at Augusta Town (now Washington, Pa.), 1776— 1780, (Cont.). Introduction by Boyd Crumrine . . 205-429

VIII. Osteology of Oxydactylus. By O. A. Peterson. . 434-476

IX, The Birds of Erie and Presque Isle, Erie County, Pennsyl- vania. By W. E. C. Todd : : . 481-596 In Memoriam, John Bell Hatcher. By W. J. Holland . 597-604 Index . 605-613

24363

isl OF TUATES:

. Right lateral view of the skeleton of Jacana gymnostoma. See

explanation, p. 70.

. Contact between White River and Loup Fork, near Logan, Mon-

tana. See explanation, p. 199.

. Probaéna sculpta Hay. See explanation, p. 203. . Figs. 1-4. Skull of Oxydactylus longipes. See explanation, p. 475. . Figs. 1-7. Cervical vertebrze of Oxydactylus longip~es. Seep. 475. . Figs, 1-5. See explanation, p.. 475. . Figs. 1-3. See explanation, p. 475. . Figs. 1-4. See explanation, p. 475. . Figs. 1-5. See explanation, p. 476. . Figs. 1-4. See explanation, p. 476. ba XII. XIII. XIV. XV. XVI. XVII. XVIII. XIX. XX.

Figs. 1-4. See explanation, p. 476.

Figs. 1-5. See explanation, p. 476.

Figs. 1-4. See explanation, p. 476.

Figs. 1-5. See explanation, p. 476. Oxydactylus longipes. See p. 476.

Map of Presque Isle.

Niagara Pond, Presque Isle

Woodland at Head of Long Pond, Presque Isle. Big Pond, Presque Isle.

John Bell Hatcher.

LIST OF FIGURES .IN Eee

Astropecten montanus : ; , ; ; : A

Astrodon johnstont. Cervical centrum, seen from left side and above. a es Dorsal centrum, seen from left side and above . ot Centrum of distal caudal, lateral.and superior views

Charadrius pluvialts. Side view of forepart of the skull. Under view of the same partially dissected and enlarged.

ae sguatarola, Skull, superior view

cc ut Mandible, left lateral view . ,

mus dominicus. Pelvis, viewed from above

pi ue Sternum, pectoral aspect

us Pelvis, right lateral view :

es us Pygostyle and last caudal vertebra.

* Left humerus, palmar aspect.

Numentus longtrostrts. Skull with mandibular attached, right ee

view. : :

e es Skull, basal and superior views

as hudsonicus. Skull, right lateral view.

e borealts. Skull, right lateral view

Philohela minor. Skull, left lateral view . Gallinago wilsont. Skull, left lateral view. Himantopus mexicanus. Skull, left lateral view Numenius longirostris. Sternum, pectoral aspect

‘ e Sternum, right lateral view es Ge Pelvis, seen from above se ae Pelvis, left lateral view. ; : 2 : ee A Os furcula, three-quarter oblique view from right side : ; “f zs Left coracoid and scapula, direct anterior aspect . : : : ; es ns Left scapula and coracoid ef - Right humerus, anconal aspect o 5 Right manus, palmar aspect. a “ Parts of right pelvic limb fTlimantopus bachmanit. Skull, left iateral view ae a Mandible, viewed from above se i Skull, superior aspect. : fs ne Skull, basal view

Heptodon. Part of left maxillary with last premolar and tines molars. Crown view of teeth of same

vi

List oF FIGURES IN TExT. vii

FHyrachyus priscus. Mandible and anterior part of skull . 2 7, Hyrachyus. Crown view of last left upper molar. ; ; 7 So Flelodermoides tuberculatus. Top of skull, upper and lower views . 160 co as Part of mandible . , , . 160 Mesohippus latidens. Last upper premolar and the three abe of left side. : : : ‘ : ran Trigenicus soctalts. Portion of skull. Crown view of teeth . 5 Bier, Oreodon macrorhinus. Side view of skull ‘ : : é . 164 Mesocyon drummondanus. Skull, side view. : : : . 165 UL ae Skull, palate view . : ; : . 166 Leptomeryx transmontanus, Skull. Crown view of teeth ; . 167 Promerycocherus minor. Skull and mandible, side view . F . 169 Talpa platybrachys. Humerus 2 : : : : splyZ Mylagaulus paniensis. Portion of men cible showing teeth : iy 7 Mylagaulus. Premolar and molar . : : : : q Sy/s} Aelurodon brachygnathus. Left mandibularramus . . 174 Hesperhys vagrans. Right ramus of mandible. Crown view si feet of same . 5 . : : BF airs Poatrephes paludicola. Right view of Sel ; 2 : : 5p) Merychyus smithi, Part of mandible : : ‘ ; : a ayo) Vertebra of fish, end view. : : : : Lon Sciurus sp. Portion of mandible aaa incisors and anterior fecthi Dor Sciurus arctomyoides. Left ramus of mandible : 5 : los Palearctomys montanus. Skull and mandible . : 183 aie macrorhinus. Skull from right side. : : Fame a es Skull, lower view : : . 185 Mylagaulus pristinus, Left ramus of mandible, side and ee views . 188 x proximus. Inside and top views of mandible 5 . 189 Mylagaulus. Portion of mandible showing position of teeth. . 190 Mylagaulus paniensis. Permanent premolar, side and crown views . IgI Mustela minor. Left ramus of mandible . ; : : : +192 Dinocyon ossifragus. Portion of skull. é : : : 193 “ a Skull, palate view . ; : ‘ ‘ . 194 Aphelops ceratorhinus. Nasals : : ‘ : » 195 aie a Left ramus of Sy aricuele: inner view. . 196 Merycodus necatus. Portion of antler. : 5 : : = LO7 Merycodus. - nas ; : : . 198

Palate views of skulls of two guanacos taken oi the same band at Cape Fairweather, Patagonia, showing remarkable individual variation in dental and cranial characters . : : . 444

Ideal section of Miocene formations from Squaw Butte to outs side of Running Water River, Sioux Co., Nebraska . : ; 5 AGA

ANNALS

OF THE

Cee Gh ve Ss UM

VOLUME I» INO? 1:

EDITORIAL.

THE first part of the second volume of the Annals of the Carnegie Museum goes to press just as intelligence reaches us of the decision of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, which definitely settles the ques- tion of the right of the municipality to appropriate lands for park pur- poses, though such purchase is avowedly made with the ulterior object of placing thereon buildings such as the proposed extension of the Carnegie Institute. It is needless to say that the decision of the court has been received with unalloyed satisfaction, not merely by those who are strictly concerned with the administration of the affairs of the Institute, but by the entire population of the city. So far as is known no decision in recent years touching public matters in the city of Pitts- burg has given more profound satisfaction to the masses of the people than that which has just been rendered. When the gracious founder of the Institute conceived the idea of adding halls to the library, in which science and the arts should find fitting homes, he paved the way for adding immeasurably to the pleasures of existence in this busy metropolis of the iron industry. The citizen of to-day can scarcely realize as he looks back how he endured the conditions of life in the Pittsburgh of the past, which was a Pittsburgh, so far as the public was concerned, without books, without pictures, without a museum. The throng of those who weekly resort to the halls of the Institute, coming

] ]

) ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

and going with pleasure manifestly written upon their countenances, furnish eloquent proof in their mere numbers of the manner in which the wise forethought of Andrew Carnegie has met a human necessity. Men do not live by bread alone. ‘There are hungerings and thirstings besides those of the mere body, and he does a great good to any com- munity who endeavors to meet these appetencies which are more dis- tinctively human than hunger and thirst.

After years of waiting we now hope soon to see the plans that have been formed for the extension of the Institute and thus for the exten- sion of its power and usefulness carried into effect. It is with un- feigned pleasure that we are able to say that at last the dawn of de- liverance breaks and the way is opening to that larger life for the en- joyment of which the founder has made magnificent provision. ‘The Library will erelong have possession of the entire space occupied by the present building. The Art Gallery will have what it requires for the display of the pictures which are already possessed and which may hereafter be acquired, as well as for the annual exhibitions which have proved so important. ‘The Museum will enter upon rooms fitted, it is hoped, for many long years to display the gradually accumulating stores of things illustrative of the forms of life and of human development and history, which make such a spot resorted to by thousands. Added to these exhibition halls will be laboratories and study rooms in which provision will be made for the prosecution of original research, Herein is the chief glory and crown of an institution of this character, that it not merely tells what man has done, but does that, which man never heretofore has done, in the way of developing a knowledge of the mysteries of the universe. It is sincerely hoped that with new and enlarged facilities the Carnegie Museum will become to a higher de- gree the exponent in Pittsburgh of the spirit of scientific investigation.

Ir is with much pleasure that we are able to continue in this num- ber of the Anna/s the presentation of the records of the old Virginia courts which were held in southwestern Pennsylvania in the years im- mediately preceding the settlement of the boundary controversy be- tween Virginia and Pennsylvania. ‘The student of local history will find much in these records of great interest, and their preservation in printed form will no doubt be regarded as an important service to the cause of the local historian. It is hoped in the present volume of the

EDITORIAL. 3

Annals to bring the publication of these records to completion. Many thanks are due to Mr. Boyd Crumrine for the careful manner in which he has attended to their transcription.

Mr. Huco Kaut, formerly connected with the University of Kan- sas and latterly with the University of Illinois has taken the place on the staff of the Museum as assistant custodian in entomology formerly held by Mr. Herbert H. Smith.

THE following JZemozrs have issued from the press: No. 2, Olzgo- cene Canide, by J. B. Hatcher; No. 3, Zhe Osteology of the Stega- nopodes, by R. W. Shufeldt. An elaborate Memoir upon the Classifica- tion of the Superfamily Cha/c¢doidea with descriptions of new species contained in the collections of the Carnegie Museum, has been pre- pared by Mr. W. H. Ashmead of the U. S. National Museum, and will be issued as AM/emotr No. g of the Carnegie Museum. It is now passing through the press.

The paleontological explorations conducted by the Museum in Mon- tana, Wyoming, and Nebraska have resulted in the acquisition of much new and valuable material, which will constitute the basis for a number of important papers shortly to be published.

Since the last number of the Anza/s was issued the Museum has acquired the entire collection of the birds of Holland made by Baron Snouckaert van Schauburg. ‘The collection consists of mounted speci- mens in beautiful condition, having been mounted by ter Meer, one of the ablest of Dutch taxidermists. There are about three hundred species represented in the collection, in most cases by both sexes as well as by the young. A small collection of the birds of Costa Rica made by Mr. M. A. Carriker, Jr., has also been acquired. Among the specimens collected by Mr. Carriker are a number of rarities. Mr. W. W. Worthington is engaged in collecting the birds of Florida for the Museum.

A SYSTEMATIC effort is being made to increase the collection of minerals belonging to the Museum. Within the past month several hundreds of species not heretofore represented in the collection have been acquired. The beautiful collection of gems and gemstones pre-

4 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

sented to the Museum by Mr. J. L. Lewis has been installed and is now on exhibition.

THe Entomological Society of Western Pennsylvania, which was organized last spring, numbers over thirty members and has held regular monthly meetings at the Museum. Much interest has been developed. At present diligent work is going on in the preparation of a list of all the species of Lepidoptera known to occur in western Pennsylvania with a view to the publication of the same in the Annals of the Carnegie Museum.

THE botanical collections belonging to the Museum are being steadily arranged and classified. Over twenty thousand species of plants are known to be already contained in the collection.

A NUMBER Of minor but important additions have been made to the

collections in conchology. There are at the present time fully fifteen

» thousand species represented in the various collections of shells which have been acquired.

I. ASTROPECTEN? MONTANUS—A NEW STAR-FISH FROM THE FORT BENTON; AND SOME GEOLOGICAL NOTES.

By Earzt Doucuass.

In October, rgor, after finishing my collecting work for the Prince- ton Museum in the region of the Musselshell River in Montana, my father and myself started westward with team and camping outfit to reéxamine the Miocene deposits in the vicinity of Three Forks. We followed the Musselshell River to the source of its southern fork and passed over the divide into the valley of the South Fork of Smith River. Here, near Dorsey Station, the cream-colored nodular clays of the Deep River beds form quite high benches, while the lower benches and sage-brush flats are composed of softer material of lighter color. The latter look like the Lower White River beds as seen in other por- tions of western Montana; and, though no fossils were found, there is little doubt that the beds belong to this horizon. I do not think that the occurrence of White River beds has previously been noted in the Smith River valley.

From here we went southwestward, passing down the rugged, pictur- esque cafion of Sixteen Mile Creek. Here the Carboniferous lime- stones form huge walls, high pinnacles, and rugged masses, which are irregularly stained with red, giving thema fantastic appearance. The Madison division contains some fossils, as it does in nearly every place where it is exposed ; though the fossils are not so abundant here as in some localities.

South of the main stream of Sixteen Mile Creek, in the foot-hills at the north end of the Bridger Range, about twenty-five miles north of Bozeman, we stopped at the house of Mr. Urquhart. Ascending a ridge composed principally of igneous material just east of the house, we found, near the top, a layer of hard, compact, gray, iron-stained rock, crowded with fossil leaves. This probably belongs to the Living- ston formation.

We remained about three days in order to examine the cafion of the South Fork of Sixteen Mile Creek where Mr. Urquhart and his sons had found many fossils.

6 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

The fossils occur in dark shales and sandstones, the latter being sometimes very hard. We obtained remains of mollusca, a crusta- cean, and fish scales. The shells prove that the rocks belong to the Fort Benton group. ‘The crustacean is Linuparus canadensis. ‘The new star fish which is described in this paper was found by Mr. William Urquhart several yearsago in these Benton beds. He showed me the place where he found it, and the matrix is like the Benton cal- careous sandstone at this place ; so his remembrance of the locality of its discovery is confirmed. The strata dip at a high angle. ‘The locality is near the intersection of the 46th parallel and the rirth meridian and is about twenty-three miles nearly due north of Bozeman.

LINUPARUS CANADENSIS (Whiteaves).

Hoploparia canadensis Whiteaves, Contrib. Canad. Pal., Vol. I., Part W., 1835, pnd 75s leg rts

(Locality: Highwood River, a tributary of the Bow River.) Ten miles west of the first fork. Probably Fort Benton (p. 89).

Linuparus atavius Ortmann, Amer. Jour. Sci., Vol. 4, 1897, p. 290; fig. 1-3 (Niobrara?) Head of Cottonwood Creek, Mead Co., S. Dakota. .

There are several specimens of different sizes indicating difference in age —three carapaces, one antennal region, one abdomen well pre- served. All agree with this species in every detail except in size. Only one specimen attains the dimensions of the smallest specimen described by Ortmann.

The Dakota specimen was obtained from Mr. H. F. Wells. The horizon is somewhat doubtful, though he thought it to be Niobrara. There is some doubt also concerning the Canada specimens.

ASTROPECTEN ? MONTANUS, Sp. Nov.

The type consists of an impression in the hard calcareous sand- stone. Since it is only an impression its anatomical characters can only partially be made out.

Size small ; arms five, narrow and gradually tapering, longer than diameter of body ; five radial elliptical figures on body, all except one nearly in line with the long axis of the arms. The most prominent markings are the pits which probably represent the marginal plates. It is possible however that these may be impressions of the ambulacra. Half way from the base to the end of the arm each row of pits is nearly

DouGLass : ASTROPECTEN ? MONTANUS. Uf

as wide as the middle portion of the arm. Only one arm is complete. This has twelve pits on each side and they are opposite. From the central pit to end of perfect arm 12 mm. From central pit to margin of body between the arms 3.5 mm.

It was said by those who saw it when first obtained to have possessed little markings on the margins of the arms. The rock was used for years as a step near the door and if these were present they have

been wholly worn away. The rock is a hard, fine-grained calcareous sand- stone, greenish-gray in color and weathering to

Fic. 1. Astropec- ten? montanus Doug- : lass. (No. 601.) brown on the surface. Ne eaeiee:

Below are given determinations of the accompany- ing fossils and notes which were both kindly furnished by Dr. A. E. Ortmann. ‘They are of interest as determining the horizon of the beds and showing the fauna of the Fort Benton near the eastern portion of the mountain region, since much of the Cretaceous of this region has been found to be poor in fossils.

INOCERAMUS UNDABUNDUS Meek and Hayden (?).

Stanton, Bull: U: S: Geol. Sury., 106,1893, p. $4, pl. 6, figs. 1, 2.

(Fort Benton. Upper Missouri Region. )

Five casts ; smaller than type, but outline and character of sculpture similar ; the undulations, however, are a little more crowded, which may be due to the younger age of our specimens.

PINNA LAKESI White (?).

Wie, woth eAnn a ikep. 9. 5..Geol, andy Geos. Surv. of Verr:, bate le Puoos. ps L7,-ple. 11, fe. 1:

Ridge sixteen miles west of Greeley, Colorado. (Fort Pierre. )

Reported from South Fork of Old Man River, Canada, by Whit- eaves. Contrib. Can. Pal., Vol. I., part 1, 1885, p. 84. Apparently Fort Benton (p. 89).

One fragrant compared with the type agrees well, but is smaller and more compressed, sculpture identical.

PHOLADOMYA PAPYRACEA Meek & Hayden (?). AE\ CAS OaleAT )

stanton, Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., 106, p. 1176, pl. 26, p. 1. fs Fort Benton group. Upper Missouri region. fe Three specimens (both valves).

ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

io 2)

The identification remains doubtful. Our individuals correspond to this species in sculpture, but they are longer and thicker. Stanton mentions specimens from Montana that are much larger than the type.

SCHLOENBACHIA SHOSHONENSIS (Meek).

Mortoniceras shoshonensts Meek, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., Vol. 9, 1876, p. 449, pl. 6, figs. 3 and 6.

Stanton, Bull: U. S. Geoli-Surv:, 106, 13935 p..179, ple 44.migs.12 and 2.

Fort Benton, of Wyoming.

One fragment hardly larger than the one figured by Meek, but evi- dently the same character of sculpture.

SCAPHITES VENTRICOSUS Meek & Hayden.

U.S: Geol. Surv. Terr., Vol.-9; 1876, p. 425, pl. 6, figs. 7.and's.

Stanton, Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., 106, 1893, p. 186, pl. 44, ngs. 8-10, pl. 45. (Fort Benton of Upper Missouri region. )

One complete individual of about the size of that figured by Stanton in pl. 44, fig. 10, and agreeing with it exactly in the external charac- ters (sculpture).

Indeterminable casts of bivalves, Ostrea? Exogyra, Cucullea, and gasteropods ( Zurritella 7).

Note. The specimens above described are in the Princeton collec- tion with the exception of Astropecten ? montanus which is in the Car- negie Museum.

CARNEGIE MUSEUM, October 6, 1902.

II..; DISCOVERY OF REMAINS OF ASTRODON (PLEUROCG- LUS) IN THE ATLANTOSAURUS BEDS OF WYOMING.

By J. B. HATcHeERr.

While engaged during the season of rgo1 in collecting dinosaur remains in the Atlantosaurus beds on Sheep Creek, Albany Co., Wyo- ming, Mr. C. W. Gilmore discovered two vertebral centra (No. 578), which I am unable to distinguish either generically or specifically from those described and figured by the late Professor Marsh as pertaining to Pleurocelus nanus, which, as will be shown later, should be re- garded as a synonym of Astrodon johnstoni Leidy.

2p Amie tii ' AW yy : CTT | vl ines Ha OL ll | : St mA THT TS Anke Pall les \ \ \ NS Wh)

Fics. t and 2. Cervical centrum of Astrodon johnstoni Leidy, seen from left side and above ; one half natural size. (No. 578.)

One of these centra, lateral and superior views of which are shown in Figs. 1 and 2, I regard as pertaining to a posterior cervical. Its sides are deeply excavated in such manner that the body of the cen- trum is reduced throughout its middle region to superior and inferior horizontal plates connected by a thin median vertical lamina. ‘The neural canal was small and much constricted medially. ‘The centrum is strongly opisthoccelous and the transverse diameter is greater than the perpendicular. It agrees almost perfectly in size and general characters with the cervical centrum of Astrodon (Pleurocelus) nanus figured by Marsh in his Dinosaurs of North America’, except that in

1 Sixteenth Ann. Rep. U. S. G. S., Pt. 1, Pl. XL.

9) ?

10 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

the present specimen the facet for the cervical rib is broken away, thus giving to this region a somewhat different aspect.

The centrum shown in Figs. 3 and 4 I regard as pertaining to the last dorsal. The posterior extremity is moderately concave, and the anterior slightly so. ‘The lateral cavities are deep, though not so pro- nounced as in the cervical ; that on the left side is decidedly deeper than the one on the right. The neural canal was much larger than in the cervical and at about its middle there is a deep pit giving origin to two small foramina which no doubt served for the transmission of nutrient blood vessels to the interior of the bone. The vertebral cen-

dos

Fics. 3 and 4. Centrum of last ? dorsal seen from left side and above. (No.

578.) One half natural size.

trum described by Marsh as a posterior dorsal and figured in plate XL., Figs. 4 and 5, of his Dinosaurs of North America, in reality pertained to an anterior dorsal, as is evidenced by its strongly opisthoccelian character and the more extended pleurocentral cavities, while the dorsal centrum figured in the text as pertaining to Plewrocalus was from the mid-dorsal region, as is evidenced by its less decided opistho- ccelian nature and smaller lateral cavities.

In Figs. 5 and 6 are shown lateral and superior views of a posterior caudal centrum, pertaining to about the same region as that figured by Marsh in plate XL., figs. 8 and 9, of his Dinosaurs of North America, from a specimen found in the Potomac beds of Maryland. The pres- ent specimen was found by Mr. Gilmore in the Atlantosaurus beds, on Sheep Creek, Wyo., but in a different quarry from that which furnished the dorsal and cervical centra figured above.

HATCHER: ASTRODON IN WYOMING. 11

A careful comparison of these remains with those figured by Marsh as pertaining to Pleurocelus nanus, based on material discovered by the present writer in the Potomac beds of Maryland, will, I think, show it to be quite impossible to definitely distinguish these remains either generically or specifically from the latter. The same may be said of

Fics. 5 and 6. Lateral and superior views of centrum of distal caudal. (No. 585.) One half natural size.

the material upon which was based Marsh’s description of Plewrocalus montanus. ‘These western forms may, however, be specifically distinct from the Maryland species.

SYNONYMY OF PLEUROCGELUS NANUS MARSH AND ASTRODON JOHNSTONI LEIpDy.

It now remains to discuss the synonymy of the above-mentioned genera and species.

The generic name of 4s¢vodon was given without description in the American Journal of Dental Science, 1859, by Dr. Christopher Johns- ton to certain reptilian teeth obtained by a Mr. Tyson from a bed of iron ore near Bladensburg, Maryland.

In 1865,° as Astrodon johnstont, Dr. Leidy fully described and fig- ured these teeth, thus placing the genus on a valid foundation. A comparison of Dr. Leidy’s figures of the teeth of Astrodon johnstont with Marsh’s figures of Pleurocelus nanus will show a very striking similarity between the two, which is rendered all the more striking by an actual comparison of the specimens themselves. Moreover since I myself collected all of the material described and figured by Professor Marsh I can assert that it likewise was found in a bed of iron ore near Bladensburg, Maryland. ‘The exact locality of the Marsh material was certain iron ore mines on the farm of Mr. Wm. Coffin, and especially in that one locally known as ‘‘ Swampoodle’’ and situated about one and one half miles northeast of Beltsville on the Baltimore and Ohio Railway, some thirteen miles from Washington. Since these remains

2 Memoir on the extinct Reptiles of the Cretaceous formations of the United States, Smith, Contr. to Knowl., Vol. 14, Pl. XIII, figs. 20-23.

0 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE .MUSEUM.

were found in essentially, and perhaps identically, the same locality and horizon, and, in consideration of the very great similarity which they exhibit, there appears no good reason for considering them as pertain- ing to either different genera or species. Astrodon johnstoni Leidy having priority should therefore be retained, while Plewrocelus nanus would become a synonym of that genus and species.

RELATIONS OF ASTRODON JOHNSTONI LEIDY (PLEUROCCELUS NANUS MarsH) AND ELOSAURUS PARVUS PETERSON AND GILMORE TO OTHER GENERA OF JURASSIC SAUROPOD DINOSAURS.

It will have been noticed no doubt that the character of the remains which have been referred to the above-mentioned genera and species indicates that they pertain to animals not yet fully adult. This is shown by the sutural connections exhibited between the centra and neural arches of the various vertebre ; by the free coracoid in Elosaurus ; and by the character of such portions of the skull of Astrodon as have been recovered. While collecting in the Potomac beds I secured a number of fragments of skulls pertaining to both upper and lower jaws. Whenever teeth were present they invariably belonged to the first series and were not yet fully erupted, the points of the crowns scarcely rising above the borders of the jaw, showing conclusively that the animal had not yet reached the adult stage. Some of the larger limb bones from Maryland described by Professor Marsh as Plewrocalus altus* may per- haps have pertained to fully adult individuals, but unfortunately only the tibia and one or two other fragmentary limb bones of this is known. Now it would seem somewhat remarkable that only immature specimens of these animals should have been secured while for the most part only fully adult representatives of such genera as Diplodocus, Morosaurus, Brontosaurus, etc., are known from the same deposits. Since these last-mentioned genera must have been represented by young and im- mature individuals it does not seem at all improbable that some of the remains which have been referred to Pleurocelus, Astrodon, or L:losau- ris may in reality belong to the young of some of these genera of the larger sauropoda. From what we know of the cervicals and dorsals of Astrodon (Pleurocelus) they might very well have belonged to a young specimen of Brontosaurus. as might also the detached teeth figured by both Leidy and Marsh; while the fragment of a jaw figured by Marsh

3 Am. Journ. Sci., Vol. XXXV, 1888, p. 92.

HATCHER: ASTRODON IN WYOMING. 13

in plate XL. of his Dinosaurs of North America as pertaining to P/ewro- celus nanus agrees very well, except insize, with a similar fragment of Brontosaurus figured in plate XX. If one compares the detached teeth of Lrontosaurus and Astrodon (Pleurocelus) as shown by Marsh respectively on plates XX. and XL. of his Dinosaurs of North America, he cannot but be impressed with the remarkable similarity which they exhibit. While it is true that some of the remains described by Pro- fessor Marsh as pertaining to Astrodon (Pleurocalus) could not pos- sibly have belonged to a young Brontosaur, it is equally true that the association of this material is purely conjectural. No two bones or fragments of all that material collected from the Potomac beds in Maryland were found in such relation to one another as to demonstrate that they had belonged to the same individual. In any discussion as to the affinities of these various genera and species of small sauropod dinosaurs, not only the immature nature of the remains upon which they have been based, but also the scattered and disarticulated state in which they were found, must be constantly borne in mind. With the possible exception of H/osaurus parvus it remains to be shown that any of these forms are not the young of some of the well-known larger forms, and most of the known remains of this last-mentioned genus resemble very closely in many important details like parts of the skele- ton of Worosaurus, as has been pointed out by Peterson and Gilmore in their original description.

The discovery of these remains of Astrodon in the Jurassic deposits of Wyoming is of the greatest importance as furnishing additional evi- dence in favor of the reference of these two widely separated deposits to one and the same geological horizon as was originally suggested by Marsh. Should future discoveries demonstrate that any one, or all of these smaller sauropods, are but immature representatives of the larger forms, the evidence in favor of this correlation will be strengthened rather than weakened. Marsh has reported remains of Astrodon (Pleurocelus) from the Jurassic deposits near Havre in Normandy, while the type of Astrodon (Pleurocelus) suffosus was derived from the Kimmeridge of Swindon, England. It is evident therefore that these dinosaurs had a very wide geographical distribution and that while the European forms may belong to different species than the American they nevertheless furnish important evidence as to the rela- tive age of the European and American deposits. Since the Kimmer- idge clays are of undoubted Jurassic age, and considering the simi-

14 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MuSsEUM.

larity existing between the dinosaur remains of that formation and those of the Potomac and Atlantosaurus beds, the age of the two latter would seem to be not more recent than Jurassic. CARNEGIE MUSEUM, October 23, 1902.

e

ii OSTEOLOGY OF THE LIMICOLzA: By Dr. R. W. SHUFELDT.

INTRODUCTION.

Two or three years ago I gathered together into one memoir a num- ber of papers I had published on the limicoline birds since 1883, digesting, as well as augmenting, the material thus collected. Subse- quently I went over this entire MS. again, improving it in many ways and adding many new facts, which I had obtained as a result of my studies of more extended series of skeletons of this group. Finally, at the present writing, that is the last part of September, 1902, the entire monograph has been carefully gone over again, and largely remodeled, and this entailed a copying of many pages of the work —a task cheer- fully performed for me by my wife Alfhild, to whom my thanks are due. As the paper now stands, it is probably the most extensive con- tribution to the osteology and taxonomy of the Zzmzco/e that has appeared from the pen of any writer on the subject up to the present time. With this brief prefatory history I pass at once to the consider- ation of the results of my researches in the osteology of the forms con- tained in this suborder.

ON THE OSTEOLOGY OF THE LIMICOLINE BIRDS, WITH VIEWS Upon THEIR CLASSIFICATION.

It was Professor Alfred Newton who said under the article ‘‘ Plover ’’ in the ninth edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica (Vol. XIX., p. 228) that ‘‘ Though the various forms here spoken of as Plovers are almost certainly closely allied, they must be regarded as constituting a very indefinite group, for hardly any strong line of demarcation can be drawn between them and the Sandpipers and Snipes. United, how- ever, with both of the latter, under the name Zzmzco/e, after the method approved by the most recent systematists, the whole form an assem- blage, the compactness of which no observant ornithologist can hesitate to admit, even if he be not inclined to treat as its nearest relations the Bustards on the one hand and the Gazz@ on the other, as before sug- gested.’’ ‘This is quite in harmony with my own views in the premises,

15

16 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

and I believe with Professor Newton that it meets the ideas of the majority of systematists, and I may add, what is more important, the ideas of most avian morphologists.

Of the Zemicole, this great suborder of birds, widely known as the ‘‘plover-snipe’’ group, and in the main constituting the Charadrio- morphe of Professor Huxley (P. Z. S. 1867, p. 457), Coues has said, that ‘‘ Most of the families of this order are well represented in this country, and will be found fully characterized beyond. The position of Parride is in question, and it probably belongs here rather than among the families where it is ranged [A/ectorides]. There are several outlying or inosculating families in the vicinity of Zzmzcole and Alectorides, of uncertain position. The largest of these is the Bustard family, O/¢dide@, which connects Limicole and Alectorides so perfectly, that its position has long wavered between these two orders; the balance of evidence favors its reference to the latter. The typical families are Charadritde and Scolopacide.’’ (‘* Key’’ 2d ed., pp. 596, 597-)

In these remarks Coues says nothing about his having placed the Herodiones between the Limicolez and the Alectorides in the work cited, which he has done, and his remarkable classification of the latter group is too well known to call for any comment here.

Professor Max Fiirbringer in his great work upon the Morphology of Birds arranges the Zzmzco/e in the following manner.

F. Charadriide. F. s. str. Glareo-

& Gasesme ; = Gos; LAT: ria : lidce A=) . . ey . Rat Eh LARO-LIMI- DRL, F. s. str. Droma- 5 cs COL. didee. ns SO. .GHARA= F. Chionidide. SS DRIIFORMES. F. Laride. 5.8 F. Alcide. o a F. Thinocoride. Sz G. PARR. F. Parride. G. OTIDES. { i eee

Dr. R. Bowdler Sharpe in his ‘‘ Hand List of Birds’’ (1899) con- siders them as an Order, (XV.), CHARADRIIFORMES, and places them between the LaRirormes, (Order XIV.) and the GRuIrorMEs, (Order XVI.). He divides the Charadriiformes into no less than seven Suborders, namely the Chionides, the Attagides, the Charadrii, the Parree, the Cursorii, the (£dicnemi, and the Otides, and these names will sufficiently indicate the families of birds this author considers to

SHUFELDT: OSTEOLOGY OF THE LIMICOL&. iby

belong to the limicoline assemblage — everything in fact from a Sheath- bill to a Bustard.

The author’s views on the position of the Limicole are presented with a discussion of their affinites at the close of the present Memoir.

More or less typical limicoline birds are found in nearly all parts of world, and they are particularly well represented in the avifauna of the United States. So that the full description of their osteology given beyond will thoroughly characterize the group as a whole.

Much has been written on the subject of their skeletology, and of this I have availed myself. My own writings, published for a number of years in the Journal of Anatomy of London, the Journal of Mor phol- ogy and elsewhere, illustrated by many plates and figures, have al- ready set forth the osteological characters of the American Limco/e quite exhaustively. This work will be used to the fullest extent here, and thoroughly revised. In dealing with the dphrizzd@, as I remark further on, I have only employed my monograph in the /owrnal of Morphology to the extent of using the facts set forth in it, and not in- corporated it here as a whole.

My private cabinets afford the skeletons of many American limico- line forms, and these have been handsomely supplemented by the loan

of many others from the collections of the U. S. National Museum, °

and from still others from the collection of Mr. F. A. Lucas. Pro- fessor Alfred Newton has also sent me for my inspection several speci- mens from the Museum at Cambridge, England, and others from his own collection. These very well illustrate points in the osteology of Scolopax rusticola, Pavoncella pugnax, Vanellus vanellus and others, for all which my thanks are here tendered. Others have also sent me useful material and it is referred to later.

Osteology of the Phalaropes.

(Complete skeletons of Crymophilus fulicartus and Phalaropus lobatus examined. )

Phalaropes have a skull of much the same general form as we find it among the Sandpipers, the narrow and extended superior mandible being considerably larger than the ‘cranium, while the very open structure of the latter gives it a peculiarly delicate appearance. Upon severe maceration the premaxillary does not appear to come away, and detach itself, as it does in most 777zg@, and it is rather more spread out laterally than it is in those birds. The narial vacuities are

9

~

iBR/

> 2

18 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

long, open slits, and there is no osseous septum narium. Phalaropes are typically schizorhinal birds, and their skulls are characterized by having a deep longitudinal median depression over the region of the cranio-facial axis, upon either side of which the upper portion of the small lacrymal is prominently tipped up. Below, this bone sends down a thread-like osseous limb, which bending smartly backwards, fuses by its posterior extremity with the upper and outer angle of the rather large and quadrilateral pars plana. Nasal bones and _ the zygome are straight and very slender. On the superior aspect of the cranium, the frontal region is seen to be extremely narrow between the superior margins of the orbits; the fronto-parietal region is rounded and smooth. Further back there is a fairly well marked superoccipital prominence, which in the Red Phalarope is pierced upon either side by a foramen, which is not the case in P. /obatus. Both the anterior wall of the brain-case and the interorbital septum are very deficient in bone. Into the last open space there is thrown backwards from the posterior margin of the mesethmoid a free, hori- zontal, and very slender spur of bone. On the lateral aspect of the skull we find the post-frontal and squamosal processes, especially the latter, to be inconspicuous spinelets of bone. At the base of the ‘cranium the foramen magnum is large and of a cordate outline; the basitemporal region beyond it being somewhat contracted.

The pterygoids are short, small, and vertically compressed, and they articulate, as in all true limicoline birds, with the basi-pterygoid pro- cesses of the sphenoid. ‘Their palatine heads are separated in the middle line as are the palatines for much of their length behind. These latter bones have extremely narrow prepalatine portions, widely apart an- teriorly, and de/ow the naso-maxillary junction fusing with the maxillo- palatine plate, upon either side. Posteriorly, their postero-external angles are rounded off, while their descending internal and external margins are prominent and keel-like. Inthe middle line in front they merge to form a spiculiform point, which codssifies with the broadish, thin, lamellar vomer, which latter terminates in a free blunt apex an- teriorly.

Either maxillo-palatine is of an oval outline, scroll-like and lamelli- form in structure, with a great perforation existing in it, which absorbs its entire central portion, leaving barely more than the rim of the bone. These maxillo-palatine processes are well separated from each other in the middle space, and they neither of them come in contact with any of the adjacent bones, as the vomer, or palatines.

SHUFELDT: OSTEOLOGY OF THE LAIMICOLA. 19

This plan of structure is, as we know, what Huxley has termed the schizognathous type, and it is characteristic, as we have seen, of the first three suborders of birds treated in former memoirs, as it is of several others.

A quadrate bone in one of these Phalaropes is very pneumatic, as is indeed most of the rest of the skull, and it has a dowd/e mastoidal head, with a conspicuous orbital process, and a small internal mandibular facette, separated by a valley from a larger oblique external one upon its same aspect. The bony meatus of the ear is very open, and in P. lobatus permits a view along the entire length of the eustachian tube to its anterior exit.

In the eyeballs the sclerotal plates are small, and the bones of the hyoidean arches are slender.

Long and of an acutely V-shaped pattern, the mandible has com- paratively rather an extensive symphysis, and from it behind, in the median line, may project directly backwards a delicate spine. Either ramus is rather shallow in the vertical direction, and is pierced by a slit-like ‘‘ramal vacuity,’’ exposing the presence of the splenial element of the jaw. The angular processes are lamellar in structure, and inclined somewhat to hook upwards. They are by no means in- conspicuous in P. dodatis.

With respect to the characters of the remainder of the skeleton, they may well be seen in a specimen of the species I have just named. I find twenty-one free vertebrae in its spinal column before arriving at the pelvis. Counting from the skull, the fourteenth vertebra supports a pair of tiny free ribs, while those on the fifteenth are considerably longer, though they do not reach the sternum, there being no costal ribs for them. There are six pairs of true vertebral ribs, all being very deli- cately constructed, as are their long slender unciform processes. The hemapophyses of the one pair of pelvic ribs do not reach the sternum, and there is a tiny ‘‘floating’’ pair of the former kind behind them.

The dorsal vertebree fit very closely together in their articulations, and their metapophyses are notably long.

The pelvis is a very thin, light, and open structure. Anteriorly, the iliac margins are rounded off in front, and these bones do not meet over the crista of the sacrum. ‘The parial foramina, two rows upon either side of the middle line of the bone, are large and open among the lateral processes of the fused vertebrae of the sacrum, lending to the pelvis a peculiarly frail appearance, already noted above. At the

20 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

lateral aspect we find the rather extensive obturator space separated by bone from the foramen of the same name. Behind, the post-pubic style is long drawn out and drooping upon either side, and the pos- terior foot of the ischium, which is applied to the superior margin of the same, is notably long and slender. Upon the nether side we find but one pair of the lateral processes of the sacral vertebre, thrown out, modified, and lengthened to act as braces opposite the acetabule. There appear to be seve free vertebrae in the skeleton of the tail, and to these is to be added a squarish and rather large pygostyle.

The sternum of P. lobatus (as well as other species of the genus) has essentially the same pattern as the sternum of any typical Plover, as for instance C. sguatarola. Its carina is ample, with the carinal angle in front rather prominent and jutting, which in some degree is caused by the concavity of the anterior border of the keel. Posteriorly the sternal body is twice notched upon either side, while the ma- nubrium is small, and the costal processes triangular, broadish, but not particularly high.

Os furcula of the shoulder-girdle is of the U-pattern, being much bowed to the front, and with a small hypocleidium below. — Either free clavicular extremity develops near its pointed end upon its outer as- pect a shoulder, supporting a small facet for articulation with the head of the corresponding coracoid. When articulated 77 s¢#z, this pointed extremity rides well over the clavicular process of the scapula, being at the same time in contact with it.

The coracotds are short, but not especially stout, the shaft being straight with its sternal extremity much expanded. Here we find three processes, so often to be observed among the water birds at large. Of these, one is at either extremity of the sternal facet of articulation, and the other is a conspicuous lateral one, triangular, and lamelliform, being almost exactly as we find it in 4fArviza and other types.

The blade of the scapu/a is somewhat expanded for its posterior moiety, and its apex is truncated obliquely from within outwards and back- wards. Its way of articulation with the os /urcula has already been described above.

Phalaropes have non-pneumatic limb-bones throughout. The z- merus is long, and its shaft is nearly straight. At the proximal end the ulnar crest is prominent and overshadows an extensive concavity ; the radial crest is not nearly so well developed. Distally above the oblique tubercle an epicondylar process juts out, and indeed the whole

SHUFELDT: OSTEOLOGY OF THE LIMICOLA. 21

bone has much the form of the humerus as seen in Charadrius domin- tcus. The radius and u/na present nothing very peculiar, and the latter is but little bowed along the continuity of its shaft. The row of nibs for the secondary quill-butts are present.

The distal phalanx of the index digit is long and slender, and the expanded portion of the proximal generally exhibits two small perfor- ations, as in the Zav7de. ‘The index and medius metacarpal are nearly straight, the latter being very slender.

Passing to the pelvic dimé we find the short, straight femur to possess a length just equal to half the length of the “éo-¢arsus. Its head is sessile on the shaft, and the trochanter is moderately raised above the articular summit of the bone. In the tibio-tarsus the cnemial crests are conspicuous, especially the inner one, and in fact they almost exactly resemble in form those parts in miniature, as we observe them ina Ful- mar. The lower part of the dua is of hair-like dimensions. ‘The hypotarsial process of the ¢arso-metatarsus is small and subcubical in form, being both pierced and grooved for tendons. The accessory metatarsal is suspended above the distal trochleze, and the hallux digit is small and feeble. As to the other toes, their basal joints are the longest in any case, and they gradually diminish in length as we proceed in the direction of the terminal ungules.

Comparative Osteology of the Plovers.

(Skeletons of representative species of the genera Vanellus, Charadrius and 4gtalitis examined. )

A number of years ago in my article on the osteology of 4. mon- tana, a bird at that time designated by American ornithologists as Podasocys montanus, 1 remarked that ‘‘there has always been something strikingly columbine to me in the outward appearance of a plover’s head —a similitude that is by no means shaken when we come to ex- amine the prepared skull, in which so many of the bones are arranged as they are in the cranium and face of a pigeon.’’ The skull of 2. montana is extremely light and fragile, due to the access of air to numerous cells in certain parts of its interior, and likewise to a gener- ous supply of diploé in other localities. I find in the chick of the plover only a few days old, that the premaxille have thoroughly coa- lesced along the culmen of the beak for its outer or anterior third, but the suture dividing them posteriorly along the nasal process of these

29 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

bones is, at this tender age, distinctly visible, whereas all the sutures in the face become obliterated in the adult.’

Posteriorly along its dentary border the premaxillary throws back- wards two processes, each of which articulates by squamous sutures ; the first and longer, the maxillary, with the maxillary bone; the second, or shorter, the palatine process of the premaxilla, with the palatine. This arrangement is found in all of our plovers. Several formina are seen on the sides of the culmen beyond the anterior bor- der of the nostril.

The vasa/s have each a broad expansion in front of the frontals, where they articulate with each other along the median line as far for- wards as the nasal process of the premaxilla; here they contract and dip under that bone on either side, conforming themselves to its width and form, still so as to articulate with each other beneath it, as far forwards as the prolongation of the premaxillary, where they slightly diverge from each other, to terminate in pointed extremities. Posteriorly, the nasals throw down, obliquely forwards, straight bars of bone, which bound the osseous nostrils behind, to be carried forwards over the maxillz on either side, to the maxillary process of the premaxilla, where they articulate by squamous sutures beneath the bone.

This arrangement of the nasals is very much as we find it in the pigéon (C. “via) ; and, as in the pigeon, the aperture forming the bony nostril is long and very open. Bothare schizorhinal birds. The mesethmoid extends well forwards in the plovers, thus affording above a spreading table for the frontals, nasals, and premaxilla to rest upon.

The /acrymals in Vanellus and A:gtaltis are not very large bones, and in the adult they anchylose with the anterior margins of the fron- tals, where they form the rounded anterior terminating margins of the orbital peripheries. In C. sguwataro/a this part of a lacrymal is more jutting and conspicuous, owing to the fact that the anterior foramen of the supraorbital gland is in that species converted into a deep, rounded notch. In 4. montana, a lacrymal sends down an attenuated pro- cess that fuses with the outer margin of the antorbital plate, or lateral mass of the mesethmoid. From this margin the lacrymal de- velops two spine-like processes, which project forwards, the upper one being the longer, the lower one almost touching the maxillo-jugal bar. These spine-like processes are absent in Vavel/us, and very much

1 As I transcribe these remarks from my memoir in the Journal of Anatomy I am- plify them by the use of the more extensive material now at hand.

SHUFELDT: OSTEOLOGY OF THE LIMICOL. as

aborted in the Killdeer Plover, where the descending process of the the lacrymal is much broader and fuses more completely with the pars plana.

Varying in size in the different species, the pars plana long remains cartilaginous in the plovers, but eventually becomes a quadrate osseous partition, quite effectually separating the orbit from the rhinal cham- ber. An irregular foramen for the passage of the nerves always occurs above it, being very large in Charadrius, owing to the comparatively smaller size of its antorbital plate.

The vomer of the Mountain Plover is an extremely delicate and elongated bone ; in front it runs out into a free and needle-like point, while posteriorly it is bifurcated so as to articulate with the palatine upon either side. It glides freely beneath the anterior pointed end of the rostrum.

Turning our attention to the palatine bone, we find that on either aspect it forms the osseous roof of the mouth by sending forwards a tapering prepalatine to anchylose with the maxillary and premaxillary at their junction. The postpalatine portion of the palatine is expanded, and it isseparated from the fellow of the opposite side in front, where the inner margin dips down to form the ‘‘internal lamina’’ of the palatine bone. Outwardly the bone is produced still further down to form the ‘‘ external lamina.’’ The pterygoidal processes of the pala- tines are in contact with each other, while the ‘‘ ascending processes ”’ articulate with the forks of the vomer as already pointed out above. The maxillo-palatines are elegant scroll-like laminze of bone, often per- forated by a few foramina. Posteriorly, they do not normally come in contact with the palatines on either hand, or with the vomer above them. Anteriorly each bone has two processes; one, the stouter, connecting it with the palatine ; the other, much more slender, with the maxillary, while between the two a circular foramen is thus pro- duced.

In all our Plovers the zygoma is a very straight bar of bone, and somewhat slender in its proportions.

The superior periphery of an orbit, formed by the frontal and nasal of the corresponding side, is uniformly tilted upwards all along its con- tinuity. Within this raised orbital rim, upon either side, we find the well-marked depressions for the supra-orbital glands, pierced along their bases by minute foramina, the largest perforation being at the anterior end. In C. sguatarola these glandular depressions pass be-

24 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

yond the osseous orbital border in front, the gland, during life, resting there upon the tissues that overlie the eyeball superiorly.

This tilting up of the superior orbital borders is best marked in the curious skull of .#. semtpalmata, where it offers a very striking feature. In it, too, the supra-orbital glandular depressions are very distinct, and

Fic. 1. A side view of the forepart of the skull of Charadrius pluvialis enlarged, Mx, maxillary ; J/xf, maxillo-palatine ; 77, palatine ; Va, nasal ; 7%, frontal ; £7¢/, ethmoid ; Z, lacrymal ; Px, premaxillary. (After Huxley. )

Fic. 2. Under view of the same (C. plwvéal/s) partially dissected and enlarged. ( After Huxley. )

Fic. 3. Skull of Charadrius squatarola ; superior view. (Spec. 7963, Coll. U. S. Nat. Mus. )

Fic. 4. Left lateral view of the mandible of Charadrius sguatarola. Natural size. Figs. 3 and 4 drawn by the author.

they each terminate anteriorly in a single, large subcircular foramen, situated well within the external edge of the orbit.

The fronto-parietal vault of the cranium is very smooth and rounded

SHUFELDT: OSTEOLOGY OF THE LIMICOL&. 25

externally, and is very thin in 2. montana — thicker in the Golden Plover. A large vacuity absorbs almost entirely the interorbital sep- tum below, merging with the foramen rotundum behind. Separated by an osseous horizontal lamina, there exists above this another large vacuity, the forward extension of the foramina for the first pair of cranial nerves, which are greatly increased in size.

At the back of the cranium there is a fairly well pronounced supra- occipital prominence pierced upon either side by an oval foramen.

In examining the base of the cranium in a young chick of the Killdeer Plover (4. voctfera) I observe that the bony bridge that lies between the supra-occipital foramina is formed by the supra-occipital itself; it is cleft above at this stage, and stouter lateral masses are seen on either side of it. The basi-temporal is still distinct as an element, as are the ex- and basi-occipitals. At the side we find that the squa- mosal sends upwards an ascending process, long and slender, which overlaps the posterior third of the rounded margin of the frontal, and itself makes the periphery of the orbit. This bone below develops a ‘zygomatic process,’’ marked by a semicircular nick at its extremity, which arches over the articulation for the quadrate. In adults a sphe notic process is fully developed. The occipital condyle is small and circular, with the notochordal notch nearly obliterated.

With respect to the gwadraze, it is peculiar only in having its pro- cesses and shaft much compressed and plate-like. The orbital spur, making up nearly half the bone, is a quadrilateral lamina, with its base applied to the entire length of the body of the shaft of the quadrate proper. A long narrow condyle surmounts the otic process, placed at right angles to this orbital offshoot, and the pit for the quadrato-jugal occupies the summit of the outstanding lateral mandibular process. Rather undue shortening takes place in the shaft of a pterygoid, owing to the far backward reach of the palatine and the great size, on the other hand, of the quadrate. Basi-pterygoidal processes are present and articulate with facettes at the base of the sphenoidal rostrum.

The hyoidean arches are very delicately constructed, but present nothing peculiar ; they are described for other limicoline birds be- yond.

The mandibular elements fuse together early in all true plovers, and in the chick the ramal fenestra is not obvious, whereas, as the bird ma- tures, a small slit-like opening makes its appearance.

The posterior angular processes of the lower jaw are recurved

26 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

spines of bone slender in comparison with the rather massive inturned angular processes, each of which is pierced near its apex with the pneumatic foramen, seen in so many of the class. The rami of the mandible of this mountain plover make a very acute angle with each other, and the upper margins are quite sharp, while they are rounded inferiorly. Ossifications of the organs of Special sense, as the eye and ear, present nothing but their usual ornithic characters.

Of the Axial Skeleton. —'Twelve vertebre, including the atlas and axis, are found in the spinal column of the neck of all of our plovers. The cup of the atlas is roundly notched behind to its center, and the axis possesses a knob-like neural spine. In the third vertebra this process becomes a small compressed square lamina, and in this segment, too, we find an extensive quadrate hypapophysis below, and a minute foramen on either side, in the bony plate joining the zygapophyses. These features reappear in the fourth vertebra, but the foramen men- tioned has so increased in size here that it is reduced to a mere inter- zygapophysial bar. In the fifth, sixth, seventh and eighth, the neural spine has disappeared ; the hypapophysial plates are longer and shal- lower ; the parapophyses persist as parial and at the same time lateral spines, directed posteriorly. The last four vertebrae of the twelve under consideration are modified for the carotid canal. Upon them the neural plates are suppressed. These four vertebree are the longest in the neck, and their post-zygapophyses, diverging from each other, reach well backwards. In several respects the thirteenth and fourteenth vertebrae are peculiar, and differ from the leading twelve cervicals. They are broader, wider, and each supports a pair of free ribs with well-developed tubercula and capitula; the second pair, or those on the fourteenth vertebra, may bear uncinate processes, situated low down on the rib. ‘The neural spines are still suppressed, but the hypo- pophyses again make their appearance mesiad and beneath the centra ; in the thirteenth it consists of a single plate, while in the fourteenth a lateral offshoot springs from each side of this, so that three lamelli- form prongs are present in that segment. A deep pit, with overhang- ing brim on each side of the centrum, is for the first time observed in these two vertebrae as we descend the series. It becomes wider and shallower as we pass through the vertebrae beyond, but does not dis- appear until we pass to those united to form the sacrum.

The succeeding six vertebree, or the fifteenth to the twentieth in- clusive, are all free, and all support true vertebral ribs that articulate

SHUFELDT: OSTEOLOGY OF THE LIMICOLZ. PHT

with the sternum by the means of costal ribs or hemapophyses. The neural spine is well pronounced in the first (fifteenth) of this series, but in the remaining five it is a lofty median crest, each interlocking, before and behind, at the angles at the summit, in a schindylesial articulation. ‘l'ransverse processes stand out horizontally from these vertebre, and needle-like metapophyses connect them in several in- stances, though they do not quite meet in every case. The fifteenth and sixteenth vertebrae retain the hypapophysial processes, being triple in the former, while in the latter it becomes single again, long and tri- angular. In the remaining four it is entirely absent. The vertebral ribs are quite slender, and all support long unciform processes, which in the adult articulate with their posterior borders ; the costal ribs become longer as we proceed backward in the direction of the pelvis.

There are twelve vertebrae in the pelvic sacrum, and from this com- pound bone, during ordinary maceration, the true bones of the pelvic

Fic. 5. Pelvis of Charadrius dominicus, viewed from above ; natural size (Speci- men No. 16,715 ; Collection of the Smithsonian Institution, Collected by the Point Barrow Expedition of 1882 in Alaska). By the author.

Fic. 6. Sternum of Charadrius dominicus, pectoral aspect ; natural size. By the

author, from the same specimen which furnished the pelvis for Fig. 5.

girdle are easily detached. The first four sacral vertebrae throw out their lateral processes as abutments against the nether sides of the spreading ilia ; and above, these last-named bones meet the sacral crista but not each other across it. There is a pair of slender pelvic ribs, but their heemapophyses fail to reach the costal borders of the sternum. They articulate with the hinder borders of the last pair that do. The

98 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

next five following sacral vertebrae are compressed from above down- wards, allowing for a swell in the neural canal within, which is to ac- commodate that enlargement which here takes place in the myelon. The ninth sacral vertebra has its transverse processes strengthened and lengthened to act as sustaining abutments opposite the acetabule. To still further insure strength, the outer ends of these processes are verti- cally expanded.

Four rows of interapophysial foramina, two upon either side of the sacrum, constitute one of the main features of the pelvis of a plover, when we come to regard it upon its dorsal aspect.

Either post-pubic style is of nearly uniform caliber, and is produced considerably beyond the ischia behind. ‘The posterior extremity of either ischium is produced, long and pointed, and rests during the life of the bird, against the upper surface of the post-pubic style. Mergence of the obturator space and the small obturator foramen may or may not take place. It even may vary for the same species or be different on the two sides of the same pelvis. I must note here that ina pelvis of a Killdeer Plover before me the ilia do not meet the sacral crista ; that character does not go for much, however. Including the pygo- style, from seven to eight vertebrze make up the skeleton of the tail in Plovers. I find eight in 4. wocifera, and seven in 4. montana. Vanellus also has eight. Probably specimens of the Mountain Plover will eventually come to hand having eight of them, also.

Coming next to the sternum and shoulder-girdle, I find the entire ap- paratus to be non-pneumatic in nature. No foramina are to be ob- served.

The os furcuda is the perfect miniature of that bone as it occurs in much larger birds of the present suborder, Wawmentus longtrostris, for in- stance. The clavicular limbs are of uniform thickness throughout, and only very slightly increased in bulk where they unite, mesiad and below, to support a small quadrilateral hypocleidium. Substantially, the method of articulation of the shoulder-girdle bones with each other is the same as we found it among the Phalaropes. The form of the cora- coid is almost identically the same in 2. vocifera and Phalaropus Jobatus and there is very little difference in the shape of the scapule — either species having the bone fully twice as long as the shaft of a coracoid ; and in .4. montana its blade is curved, broad, and rounded at its posterior extremity. It reaches well back towards the ilium, over- lapping the ribs.

SHUFELDT: OSTEOLOGY OF THE LIMICOL. 29

The manubrium of the sternum is a stumpy process, shaped like a wedge, being notched above and sharp below. Above this process the coracoidal grooves nearly meet at a point in the mesial plane at its base, while the lateral processes of the same name, of a triangular form, rise only to a moderate degree above the superior margin of the bone, to bear along the posterior border of either one, the facettes for the costal ribs, six on each side.

The xiphoidal extremity of the body of the sternum of .2. montana is four-notched, the notches being deep, and giving rise to five proc- esses, a median one, the under surface of which supports the hinder part of the carina, and a pair on each side of it. In Vanedllus the inner pair of perforations are subelliptical foramina and not notches.

i, Fic. 7. Pelvis of Charadrius dominicus, right lateral view. Natural size (Spec. 16715 Coll. U. S. Nat. Mus. ).

Fic. 8. Pygostyle and last caudal vertebra of Charadrius dominicus,; right lateral view. Natural size. Same specimen.

In the sternum of a Killdeer Plover at my hand (4. wocifera) the inner notch on the right-hand side is also converted into a foramen. C. sguatarola has them as in 4%. montana. Viewed laterally the sternum of a Plover very closely resembles that bone as we see it in Aphriza virgata ; indeed, in so far as shape is concerned, irrespective of mere size, this bone is of a very uniform pattern throughout the majority of our typical Zemécole —the Woodcock, (Phzlohela,) and Wilson’s Snipe, ( Ga/iinago,) being conspicuous departures therefrom.

Ossification in Plovers is normally extended, as in so many other birds, to the plate of the superior larynx, the rings of the trachea, and a few tendons and sesamoids.

Of the Appendicular Skeleton. —'The chief point of interest that attaches to the limbs of our Plovers is that they are, in every case, absolutely non-pneumatic, both the pectoral and pelvic extremities presenting, in all the bones that compose them, those characters, after maceration, so well described by Hunter.’ The long bones are also non-pneumatic in Gallinago and Philohela, which are other birds of

1 Observations on the Animal CEconomy, Palmer’s ed., 8vo, 1837, p. 178.

30 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

not very dissimilar volatorial habits. All the bones of the limbs in Plovers are impressed with the more usual ornithic characters.

In the Auwmerus we find the proximal extremity well expanded, and a strongly marked, curling crest overshadowing the usual site of the pneumatic foramen in birds where it is present. The ‘‘ preaxial ridge ’’ is shorter than we usually find it, that is, it does not extend so far down the shaft ; this shortening, however, is not accompanied by any dimi- nution in the height of this ridge.

The humeral shaft is straight and subcylindrical on section ; its distal extremity supports the usual points for examination, and the epicondyloid spur is well developed. (See Fig. 9.)

Both radius and u/na are moderately bowed along the continuity of their shafts, and the row of gwz//-butts are ranged along that of the

Fic. 9. Left humerus of Charadrius dominicus, palmar aspect ; natural size ; by the author, from specimen 16,715 of the Smithsonian Collection (taken at Point Bar- row, Alaskan Expedition of 1882). latter. There are a dozen of these in Vanel/us. The skeleton of the hand in any true Plover is a long one, and in C. sguataro/a that seg- ment is fully as long as the skeleton of the antibrachium. ‘The pol- lex has one joint, the next digit two, and the last, one; there are no claws or spurs in the manus of these birds, as seen in some of the Asiatic forms. ‘There is a very remarkable resemblance of the skeleton of the pectoral extremity of a Plover to the corresponding structures in a Gull. (Compare for instance Z. delawarensts and C. squatarola. )

The entire length of the skeletal arm of 4. montana measures 14 centimeters — of which the humerus takes 4.4; the ulna 4.6; the car- pus 0.2; the metacarpus 2.3 ; and the two phalanges of index digit 2.5.

In the femur we notice that the head is sessile on the shaft, and placed nearly at right angles to it; on its upper surface the pit for the ligamentum teres is seen.

The crest of the great trochanter is sharp and elevated above the general surface of the summit of the shaft. At the distal end, the outer or larger condyle falls but a little below the inner one, the groove for the head of the fibula being well cut into it.

Of the two processes on the anterior aspect of the head of the /7dzo-

SHUFELDT: OSTEOLOGY OF THE LIMICOLA. 3 tarsus, the inner one is of a broad quadrilateral form inclined out- wardly, while the external one is a rounded, claw-like, and sharp process, curving downwards. ‘The usual osseous bridgelet for the confinement of tendons is seen in front just above the condyles.

The féu/a is a very delicate spicula of bone, reaching down, in the articulated skeleton, only half way to the external condyle.

The hvpotarsal protuberance of the tarso-metatarsus is in reality converted into two processes, so deep is the tendinal grooving down its posterior aspect. In .4. montana the inner process is the larger, and sends from its lower portion a sharp ridge of bone that is carried down on the shaft and gradually merges with it. ‘The pits to receive the condyles of the tibio-tarsus on the superior aspect of the head of the tarso-metatarsus are deep, and a knob-like apophysis arises be- tween them on the anterior boundary. Just below this a fossa exists, at the base of which a foramen is seen, which pierces the shaft from before backwards, coming out behind to the inner side of the larger process of the hypotarsus. In all our plovers the shaft of this bone of the leg is long and straight, and the mid-trochlea projects well be- yond its fellow on either side. ‘The usual foramen is seen just above its base and on the outer side.

Among our plovers it is only in C. sgwataro/a and in Vanellus that we find a small hallucial joint present, hung rather high on the shaft of the tarso-metatarsus. It is altogether absent in the Killdeer and others. Otherwise the podal joints are normal, both in arrangement and char- acter, so far as the three anterior digits are concerned.

Measuring from the summit of the trochanteric crest of the femur, on a straight line to the apex of the claw of the mid-digit in the skele- ton of the leg in.#. montana, we find it to be in the adult male, 15.5 centimeters in length. Of this the femur takes 3.0, the tibio-tarsus 5.6, the metatarsus 4.2, and the mid-digit 2.7 centimeters.

With respect to its skeleton, no true Plover will depart in any marked degree from the pluvialine skeletal characters as they have been set forth in the above account.

On the Comparative Osteology of Numentus longtrostrts. Curlews agree with all other true limicoline types in being typically schizorhinal birds. (See Fig. ro. ) In the skull the zasa/ bones are arranged and formed much as they are in the Phalaropes, but without an immature specimen, which I am

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SHUFELDT: OSTEOLOGY OF THE LIMICOLA. oo

sorry to say I lack, it is impossible to tell how far forwards beneath the culmen, and on the inner sides of the premaxillary the nasals are extended. We have just seen above that they reach almost to the tip of the beak in Plovers. *

The premaxil/ary is quite broad and subcompressed as it slopes somewhat gently away from the frontal region of the skull between the nasal bones. It becomes gradually narrower as it proceeds towards the distal tip, but alters but little in form. In an old individual of LV. longtrostris, it is nearly six times as long as the remainder of the skull, twice as longas the corresponding parts in JV. doreal’s. Other forms graduate between these two; in WV. arquata it is fully four times as long, and is more generally curved throughout.

At the point marked 7in Fig. ro, and in Z of Fig. 11, the nasal meets the maxillary. Beneath, and a little beyond this point, the palatine also merges with these bones. ‘These elements thus unite to form a common rod that contracts immediately after the union to a delicately fashioned stem to which I have given the name of the subnarinal bar. They are seen on either side of the nasal process of the premaxillary, at first beneath the osseous narinal slit, then to pass under this bone, be- coming at the same time flatter, more closely applied for the entire length, until they merge into it near the tip at 4, Fig. 10. In J. longtrostris these bones may be pulled away from the other part of the premaxillary, as shown by the dotted lines in Fig. 11, 4, and they spring back to their original position when the hold is released.

This is only possible in those curlews that have very long bills. It is not a particularly noticeable feature in the Eskimo Curlew, nor the whimbrel. The sutures among these bones are completely obliterated in the adult skull, so it is not possible to tell the precise limits of the several ones entering into the composition of this bar ; no doubt the dentary or maxillary process of the premaxillary takes a large share. The delicate curling crest of bone found just within the nasal bar above, and united with the rounded outer margin of the premaxillary, belongs to the nasal of that side.

In VV. hudsonicus this character is absent, while, on the other hand, it is exaggerated in JV. borealis, in which bird the entire rhinal chamber seems to be filled with this enlarged bone, here forming a hol- low sub-cylinder, which meets a similar cylindrical formation of the maxillo-palatine coming from below. (Compare c and D, Fig. 12.)

We find the vomer to be a very well developed bone in J. /on-

3

34 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

gtrostrts. It is a thin spearhead-shaped lamina of bone, pointed in front, bifurcated behind, where either fork fuses with the ascending process of the corresponding palatine. On the under side of this horizontally disposed vomer there is a, thin, vertical, median crest, which in front merges into the free pointed extremity, while posteriorly it is produced backwards by two vertical plates which grasp and ride upon the rostrum. ‘These latter are the bifurcations to which I have just alluded. In WV. hudsonicus and WV. pheopus the anterior tip of the

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Fic. 11. Basal and superior views of the skull of Mumentus longirostris, natural size ; A, the basal view, lower mandible removed ; B, the superior view, like lettering designating like parts. fx, premaxillary ; v, vomer ; A/, palatine ; 7, maxillary ; 7, nasal ; e¢#, lateral wing of ethmoid ; Z, lacrymal ; g, quadrate ; A7¢, pterygoid ; fm, foramen magnum ; s/, Supra-occipital foramen ; also in A, sz, the subnarinal bar, and sn’ its position in dotted lines as drawn away from the premaxillary on either side.

In B, 7, the point of meeting of nasal and maxillary.

vomer is bifurcated. Asa rule the maxillo-palatines are not as much curled as we find them in the Plovers, and the union with the palatine is more extensive. As in the Plovers, however, they are riddled with perforating foramina; more frequently the foramina in either maxillo- palatine plate merge into two regularly suboval ones.

SHUFELD’: OSTEOLOGY OF THE LIMICOLA. oD

The postpalatine portion of the palatine is broadish with its lamina and process strongly developed. ‘These bones are well separated from each other beneath the rostrum, and the pterygoid process is turned outwards. ‘Taken in proportion to the size of the bird, the prepala- tine portion of the palatine is relatively shorter in JV. /ongirostris than in any other species, while JV. Audsonicus and WN. pheopus, with their comparatively longer crania, have that portion of the palatine corre- spondingly lengthened out.

The /acryma/, though small, stands out quite prominently at the an- tero-superior orbital border. It articulates largely with the nasal, and in all curlews sends down a slender bony style which unites with the upper and outer angle of the pars p/ana, by which means a large foramen in this locality is encircled. ‘These ethmoidal wings have the same general appearance in all the members of the genus. Each one is a quadri- lateral plate, projecting nearly at right angles from the mesethmoid, to form an ample partition between the rhinal and orbital cavities.

The interorbital septum is never entire in any of the true curlews, but is pierced in almost identically the same manner in every species. The forms of these interorbital vacuities can best be seen by referring to the several lateral views of the skulls illustrating this memoir. But one specimen of the skull of VV. huwdsonicus lies before me, and in that the dividing bar between the two openings is evidently broken out. I have restored it by dotted lines (Fig. 12, C). The ptervgords are comparatively short bones in all the curlews, more particularly so in our present subject. They are twisted and angular in appearance, with sharp longitudinal edges. An elliptical facet occupies the middle of the inner aspect of each, which articulates with the basisphenoid process on either side.

Each guadrate bone presents the usual undulatory surface upon its mandibular head for articulation with the lower jaw. Just above this, on the inner aspect, is a small, semiglobular facet for the cup on the outer end of the pterygoid. The orbital process is a quadrate, lamelliform plate with truncate extremity, while /wo articulating facets are seen to occupy the dilated end of the mastoid process of the bone. On the outer side we find the usual cotyle for the projection on the quadrato- jugal. The form of the quadrate varies but very little among the other representatives of this genus.

Several foramina are seen at the base of the deep sunken cavity from which the fifth pair of nerves issue. ‘This is the case in all the spe-

36 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

cies, and this elliptical pit on the posterior wall of the orbit, just above the quadrate, is quite a striking feature of the skull. Ossification is so far deficient in the interorbital septum opposite the exit for the optic nerves that this aperture is here one large circular opening. ‘To its outer side, however, separate and minute circular foramina exist for the third pair. This latter condition seems to be common to all the species. The olfactory nerve in the anterior part of each orbit has for its reception a well-marked canal that leads to a foramen (WV. /ongt- rostrts), or a notch (lV. pheopus), into the rhinal chamber. A side view of the skull presents for examination, in addition to other points already noticed, the osseous entrance to the ear, which is here shielded behind by a rather prominent tympanic wing. ‘The sphenotic process in all curlews, except 4V. dorvealis, is a long, sharp-pointed spine, and even in the excepted species it may become quite long in old birds.

An upper and lower spine project forward from the squamosal, over the articulation for the quadrate. This feature is more prominent in the continental species, 2V. avgwata, than in any of our American forms of curlews, though it is by no means entirely absent on the lateral as- pect of the skull of WV. dongtrostris.

In the eye the usual sclerotal plates are found; they are compara- tively small and about twenty in number. ‘The superior aspects of curlew skulls offer some very diverse characters. In all the cranio-facial region is concave and traversed by a faint longitudinal median groove that becomes lost beyond on the premaxilla. This groove is deepest in 4V. arguata. In WN. longtrostris the superior orbital peripheries are but shghtly serrated, and the orbital roof just within them is pierced by but very few minute foramina.

The ‘‘ glandular depressions’’ are shallow. ‘The surface between them is depressed, though the inner margins or boundaries of these depressions are somewhat raised and prominent. These margins, in 1. pheopus, merge into a single median ridge or crest; the orbital rims are decidedly serrated with small incomplete foraminal perforations, and the glandular depressions would hardly attract atten- tion,

The raised median line is single and still more prominent in J. arqguata, causing the depressions to appear more concave. In my specimen one large foramen is seen close to the orbital rim on one side, situated rather posteriorly, with a corresponding notch on the opposite side. In WV. hudsonicus the orbital rims are comparatively

or “~ ~!

SHUFELDT: OSTEOLOGY OF THE LIMICOL/.

smooth ; no evidences exist of the glandular depression, and_ the region is barely concave ; a minute foramen exists on each side pos- teriorly. Mumenius borealis has strongly marked glandular depres- sions of a semilunar form, situated just within the smooth orbital peri- pheries. A decided median groove divides them longitudinally, which in that species is continued on the culminar portion of the pre- maxilla for a short distance. The glandular depressions terminate an- teriorly in this curlew, in a notch, on either side, just behind the lacrymal bones. ‘The parietal region is smooth and globular, being impressed in most of the species by a longitudinal median groove, most noticeable in iV. arguata, less so in WV. borealis, least of all in NV. pheopus. Among the chief points of interest in the basal view is the form of the foramen magnum. ‘This is nearly circular in JV. longirostis and NV. arguata ; cordate in VV. pheopus.

The condyle is small and hemispherical in all the species, and has situated beyond and on either side of it, the usual vascular and ner- vous foramina seen in this locality in ordinary birds’ skulls.

Two large supraoccipital foramina, of elliptical outline, exist in our present subject and in JV. arcuata ; these openings are very small in the Whimbril, and exist only on one side in JV. dorealis, as a minute perforation.

The surrounding muscular line of the occiput is quite strongly marked in all the species ; least of all in the Eskimo Curlew.

Within the brain-case we find the tentorial ridges quite prominent, well dividing the various encephalic compartments. ‘The longitudinal one appears to be ungrooved by the sinus.

Foraminal openings occur in the usual localities for the entrance or exit of nerves and vessels. But little dipldic tissue seems to be de- posited between the tubular walls of the cranial vault, these latter being quite thin, and composed of firm, compact bone.

The curvature of the mandible is almost identical with that of the upper bill or premaxillary. When articulated with the skull it is found to be in all the species a few millimeters shorter than the latter bone. In JV. dongtrostris the rami separate and diverge from each other at a point about midway between tip and articular extremity. Beyond this point the mandible is in one piece, rounded beneath and with rounded lateral angles above. A groove deeply marks the bone along its entire course in this portion, in the median line. The rami still remain rounded for some distance backwards after they separate from each

38 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

other, but, just before they arrive at the long slit-like ramal vacuity, they dilate to become lamelliform plates compressed from side to side. The upper borders of these plates curve inwards towards each other. A second small circular foramen, situated at the base of a larger con- cavity, on the outer aspect of the ramus, between the vacuity and the hinder end, exists in all the specimens before me, except V. Audsonicus.

The articular ends are of a form most common to all ordinary birds of the present suborder; they are produced posteriorly into small vertical plates that turn outwards, but do not curve upwards to any great extent, thus differing from what we found in the Plovers. The usual pneumatic foramina are found at the inturned apices of the articu-

Fic. 12. Right lateral views of the skulls of Meamentus hudsoricus (C, the upper figure), and . dorealis (D, the lower one). Natural size. fmx, the pre- maxillary ; 7, the nasal; Z, the lacrymal; g, the quadrate ; A/, palatine; a, articular ; @, dentary ; 4, the subnarinal bar.

lar cups. ‘The sutures defining the limits of the bones that originally entered into the composition of the mandible in any of this genus, have become almost entirely obliterated, the edge of the dentary alone sometimes being persistent.

With the exception that the cerafohyals have fused with the g/osso- hyal, or the posterior part of it, as is usual among birds, all the remain- ing elements of the hyobranchial apparatus of the curlew remain free

SHUFELDT: OSTEOLOGY OF THE LIMICOL&. 39

during life. The first piece of the arch, just named, has the form of a long arrow-head, with quite a sizable fenestra towards its hinder end. ‘This is the inter-cerato-hyal fenestra. The first basi-branchial has a median longitudinal ridge above, connecting the two enlarged articulating extremities ; the posterior one has two facets for a cerato- branchial element on each side. ‘These are long and slender, curving upwards. They support the equally delicate epibranchials, which terminate in filaments of cartilage. The second basibranchial is quite short, comparatively speaking, it being in turn produced backwards by a slender, cartilaginous tip.

It will be seen from this description, as far as I have carried it, how really very much alike is the skull of a Plover and the skull of a Curlew.

Comparative Notes from the Skulls of other Limicoline Birds. — Although the skull of AV7mantopus mexicanus, the Black-necked Stilt, has most of the usual limicoline characters, its general form is quite different from that of the skull of either a Plover or a Curlew. Viewed superiorly, we find the median crease very deep between the orbits, and the glandular depressions on either side of it are semilunar in form, strongly stamped and definite in outline. The convexities are directed towards each other." Each terminates anteriorly in a single foramen, that pierces the roof of the orbit beside the lacrymal bone. ‘The inter- orbital septum of this Black-necked Stilt is markedly deficient in bone, and the anterior wall of the cranium does not fare much better in this respect (see Fig. 13). Supra-occipital foramina of the most usual form are found in this bird also, the muscular lines of the occiput being well defined above them. ‘The favs plana of either side is but feebly de- veloped, and the descending spine of the lacrymal falls far short of reaching this bony projection of the mesethmoid. Upon basal view we find the palatines long and narrow, with the vomer slender, and terminating in a sharp point anteriorly. ‘The hinder end of each articular part of the mandible in Wzmantopus has the appearance of being scooped out, so as to form a semiluniform cavity.

Recurvirostra americana.—Several of the characters presented on the part of the skull of Amantopus are substantially reproduced in the case of the Avocet. Chief among these is the form assumed by the proximal ends of the mandible, the extreme narrowness of either pars plana, and the free-hanging descending limb of either lacrymal,

1 The present specimen may be defective. It was prepared at U. S. Army Med.

Museum before I had charge.

40 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

though the superior part of each of these bones projects much further from the skull than it does in the Stilt. The Avocet also differs from Himantopus in having a more perfect interorbital septum; in the supra-occipital foramina being circular ; in the vomer being broad and widely forked at its expanded anterior extremity; in the shallower supra-orbital depressions, which in the Avocet merge together in the middle line, and are carried out on the projecting lacrymals. It is scarcely necessary to call attention to the difference in the form of the skeleton of the bills in these two birds. The Avocet stands alone with his upturned mandibles, and even the beak of the Stilt is quite unique.

The Skull tn the Woodcocks, and tn Gallinago. — Although essen- tially limicoline in their general character, the skulls of Scolopax rusttcola, Philohela minor and Gallinago delicata, and no doubt others of those genera, depart in some very striking particulars from the limicoline skulls we have thus far considered in this paper. Except in point of size there is scarcely any difference between the skulls of the European’ and American Woodcocks, the former being about one fourth larger.

In the former the great, capacious and circular orbits, with. their raised superior borders, have crowded the greater part of the brain-case downwards and forwards, thus bringing the foramen magnum into the horizontal plane, and the other parts of the skull have the appearance of being moved to the front. All this is also seen in Ga//inago, but not quite to such amarked degree. In the Snipe, also, the orbits are more elliptical in outline (Fig. 13, F), and the median, longitudinal crease between them on the superior aspect of the skull, more pronounced. Both Snipes and Woodcocks have the occipital condyle very small and hemispherical in form; it being sessile in the former, but rather inclined to be pedunculated in the latter. The supra-occipital promi- nence is well seen in JS. xws/co/a, in which species the foramina, one upon either side, are absent, though they are generally found in the American Woodcock, and always in Gad/Zinago. Of a cordate outline, the foramen magnum is of large size in these birds, being as wide in S. rusticola as the basitemporal area in front of it. An osseous septum narium exists in all the birds, being most complete in the Snipe. It

'] use the specimen kindly loaned me by Prof. A. Newton, F.R.S. (No. 308) from the cabinets of the zodlogical collection (osteological department) of the Uni- versity of Cambridge, England.

SHUFELDT: OSTEOLOGY OF THE LIMICOL. 4]

is very peculiar in the woodcock, for from a median lamelliform plate between the nostrils it gradually swells beneath the culmen as it passes to the front of those apertures, then again soon contracts to merge with the narrow and flattened median process of the premaxil- lary, near the juncture of the anterior and middle thirds of this part of the bill. Below this point the dentary processes of the premaxil- lary are thin and horizontally flattened. In front of this again the mandible becomes solid, being only grooved in the middle line upon

Fic. 13. Left lateral views, natural size, of skulls of PA7/ohela minor (FE), Gal-

linago wilsont (F), and /fimantopus mexicanus, (G). m, nasal; f/, palatine ; 7,

pterygoid ; g, quadrate, and a, articular.

its nether aspect. Now from this plan of structure we have in this straight superior mandible of the woodcock a section about a centi- meter long, which from the thinness of the bones is quite flexible in the vertical direction, the continuity of the osseous beak both in front and behind this section being much firmer and stronger. ‘This feature, if anything, is still better marked in the snipe. It is well known that

42 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE. MUSEUM.

the woodcock and snipe have the ability to curve up the anterior extremity of the upper bill, and so far as the skull in these birds is concerned the power to perform such a feat is quite apparent.

Passing to the cranio-frontal region, we are to note the large /acry- mal which sweeps backwards to join with the post-frontal, thus com- pleting the orbital periphery in bone, a very rare condition, as we know, in birds.

In the Woodcock the plate-like vomer is vertically disposed, but at the same time it is exceedingly small, being drawn out in front to a point of absolute hair-like dimensions. It is horizontal in Gad/nago, and both larger and longer. In Gad//inago and in the Woodcock, too, the interorbital septum is quite complete, though in the former species many small deficiencies may occur in the bone on the anterior wall of the brain-case in some individuals. The /fervgords are exceedingly short and thick, the facet for the basisphenoid process occupying nearly the entire length of the shaft. This is especially the case in Philohela. .

In the mandible of Snipes and Woodcocks the hinder end is bent down almost at a right angle, and the ramal vacuity is unusually large in Gallinago. .

The Skull in the Long-billed Dowttcher.—In a skull of this species, Macrorhamphus scolapaceus, which I collected in New Mexico, I see a number of characters to remind me of the skull in Gad/inago, but not- withstanding this, the conformation of the skull, especially its cranial portion, partakes more of the character of the larger Sandpipers.

The morphology of the superior osseous mandible is as in Ga//inago. Superiorly, the Zacrymadls, however, jut out more distinctly and promi- nently, and their descending portions, not at all produced backwards, fuse with the large square pars plana. ‘The post-frontal process is very long and extremely slender, while the interorbital septum is not so thoroughly completed in bone. A/axillo-palatines are practically absorted, as indeed they are completely so in Woodcocks and Gad/inago. An osseous septum narium is also to be found in JAZacrorhamphus, which, as in Wilson’s Snipe, is an extension forwards of the mes- ethmoid, and probably the nasals grasp it in the middle line beneath the premaxillary, but I would have to have the skeleton of a young snipe to prove that point. In all these true scolopacine types the zygoma is very short, straight, and slender, and inclined to be trans- versely compressed (especially in Wilson’s Snipe).

SHUFELDT: OSTEOLOGY OF THE LIMICOL. 43

The mandtble of Macrorhamphus agrees with that bone in Gad/inago, and the hyoidean apparatus in the two species is practically alike. Its osseous parts are extremely delicate in point of structure.

The skull of AZcropalama himantopus offers us a most perfect go-be- tween, standing as it does exactly between the Dowitchers (d/acro- rhamphus) and the 7ringas. It is undoubtedly a Snipe-sandpiper in every sense of the word. ‘The structure of the upper bony bill, as de- scribed above for Gad/inago, has, in it, a/most mellowed down to what we find in the typical Sandpipers, while the mandible shows the posterior flexure to some degree, and its cranium is truly scolo- patringine.

Notes upon the Morphology of the Skull in the Sandpipers. — There is at my hand a complete skeleton of 77inga maritima, and its skull, except in point of size, appears to be almost exactly like the skull as we find it in Phalaropus lobatus. So far as the essential characters are concerned they are absolutely identical in the skulls of these two birds, and it is only slight variation in fa/tern that causes any differ- ences to exist at all. The bill of the Phalarope is s¢razgh¢; the bill of the Sandpiper is somewhat decurved, but withal, the characters of this part of the skull are the same. 7. maritima has the supra-occipital foramina present, but they are likewise so in Crymophilus, and I count very little on that fact.

Tringa ptilocnemis has a skull that very closely resembles the skull as found in Afphriza virgata. The differences between the two are hardly worthy of notice.

Tringa minutilla has a skull of the most delicate construction, but it is typically limicoline and scolopacine as well.

Most noticeable in 77znga is the absence of the supra-orbital glandu- lar depressions and the extreme narrowness of the region of skull where they occur in the other forms. 7Z7inga fusctcoliis has the supra- occipital foramen and the fenestra in the interorbital septum, as in the curlews. There seems to be in the mandible an inclination for the hinder ends to bend downwards.

This character is also observable in Zynga minutil/a, and in this sandpiper the space between the orbital margins, on the superior aspect of the skull, is reduced to a very narrow isthmus. It is much wider, comparitively, in Z7yinga éairdi ; and this form also faintly shows the glandular depressions. They are quite well marked behind. The mandible shows the posterior bend, and the articular extremities throw

44 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

off behind lamelliform, upturned processes that are a prominent fea- ture in this bone. ‘The vomer is pointed in front, and the supra- occipital foramina are present.

Tringa maculata and Tringa alpina possess skulls very much alike in many of their characters — in the arrangement of the maxillo-pala- tines, the presence in each of the glandular depressions with a similar form. Both have the supraoccipital foramina and great deficiency of bone in the anterior wall of the brain-case and interorbital septum. They differ in the form of the ethmoidal wings. 7. maculata shows a little bony loop, projecting forwards from the outer borders of this plate, which is absent in the Dunlin. In the Pectoral Sandpiper this ethmoidal plate is not carried up so far as it is in 7. alpina, in which bird it absorbs the lacrymal on either side.

The little osseous loop on the ala-ethmoid, referred to as a charac- ter in 7. maculata, is seen also in Rhyacophilus solitartus. Here, however, its upper limb comes down from the lacrymal to throw in its lower limb at a right angle to the ethmoid. ‘This explains the man- ner in which it is developed and accounts for its presence. ‘The vomer is pointed anteriorly in the Solitary Tattler. A deep median pit char- acterizes the cranio-frontal region in 7. puszllus.

In Actitts macularia the glandular depressions on the roofs of the orbits are long and narrow and bound the entire supra-orbital peri- phery. This constitutes a real difference as compared with all true sandpipers, and also denotes in some degree a relationship to the curlews.

A. macularia has also the supraoccipital foramina present, and of some considerable size. Very large vacuities occur in the interorbital septum, and the foramina for the optic, olfactory, and other nerves have all run together to form one large irregular foramen.

Bartramia longicauda Aoes not possess the supraoccipital foramina, and the glandular depressions above the orbits are still narrower than they are in Actt’s. In this latter Sandpiper we find a minute spur on the anterior margin of the favs plana, directed forwards ; and its maxillo-palatines have each such a large vacuity in their bodies that either one is reduced toa mere hair-like rim of bone. Its vomer is long and pointed.

‘The skeleton of the remarkable Spoon-bill Sandpiper (/urynorhyn- chus pygmaeus) has been examined by Mr. J. Anderson, and he com- pletes his paper on the subject by saying that ‘‘ The foregoing exami-

SHUFELDT: OSTEOLOGY OF THE LIMICOLA&. 45

nation of the osteology and other characters of Hurynorhynchus reveals only one important feature wherein this bird structurally differs from the genus Z7vga, namely, the singular expansion of the bill, the structural equivalent of a similar modification in Platalea leucorodia. Indeed, this species, as pointed out by Mr. Harting, was originally placed in the genus Plata/ea by Linneus.’’ !

A careful study of the skull of /leteractitis incanus convinces me that in that part of its anatomy it indicates rather close affinity with such forms as Zotanus flavipes and 7. melanoleucus.

We will now pass to the consideration of the skull in some of these birds, as well as of the Godwits and others.

Skull of the Godwits, Willets, Tattlers, and Others.—In Totanus me- fanoleucus the glandular depressions above the orbits are wider again, and the supraoccipital foramina are present. A median notch is found in the upper border of the foramen magnum. In 7Zofanus flavipes nearly half the anterior wall of the brain-case is deficient, and the interorbital septum is not formed in bone at all. This latter char- acter does not occur in the Willet (Symphemia semipalmata). In this interesting bird we find the supraoccipital foramina to be of some size, and of an elliptical outline. The glandular depressions are barely perceptible. Just beyond the cranio-facial region, on the culmen, we note the persistence of the premaxillary sutures. This shows to some extent how far the nasals must extend forwards. The vomer is pointed anteriorly, and the interorbital vacuity is divided by an osseous bar. Upon a basal view we find that the lower borders of the maxillo- palatine plates appear. They are attached to the palatines anteriorly, being directed backwards as free lamina. Their connection anteriorly with the maxillaries is by their outer angles. In the mandible of Symphemia the true ramal vacuity has become a mere slit, filled in with a plate of bone; while the small foramen I described in the Curlews is here very large, and has more the appearance of the true ramal vacuity as seen in other birds.

This condition likewise exists in Zémosa fedoa and L. hemastica. The rims of the orbits in the former bird are rounded, differing in this respect from the Curlews. In this Godwit, too, we note a pointed

' Anderson, J. ‘On the Osteology and Pterylosis of the Spoon-billed Sandpiper (Z. pygmeus).’’? Trans. Linn. Soc. (2 ser.). I. Zodlogy. London, 1879, pp. 213- 217. The quotation is from p. 217. A handsome plate (osteology) illustrates this

memoir.

46 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

vomer in front, and the presence of the supraoccipital foramina in the occiput. The glandular depressions above the orbits have disap- peared, and the openings in the interorbital septum are three in num- ber, and smaller. A deep, circumscribed, and obliquely inclined groove is found on the lateral aspect of the skull, back of the entrance of the ear. In Limosa rufa a deep gutter is seen between the orbits on viewing the skull from above. Anteriorly it is bounded by an emi- nence on the premaxillary. ‘The lacrymal is small in all the Godwits, and connects with the ethmoidal wing, as in the Curlews. In this genus Zimosa the structure of the superior osseous mandible is much as we find it in Ga//inago, as given above.

I have not examined the skull of the Ruff (P. pugnax) ; it, how- ever, probably only exhibits the usual limicoline characters, with some slight modifications for that particular species. In writing to Pro- fessor A. Newton for a skeleton he replied to me ina letter of the 27th of November, 1889, and said: ‘‘ Herewith I send you a sternum of Machetes ; 1 regret to say that we have no skull. It is a most useful thing to have correspondents who make demands like yours upon us, as thereby we learn our deficiencies. Of course we ought to have at least one skeleton of this form, and I shall made it my business to try to get one next year — but it will not be a very easy matter; the bird is practically extinct in England (7. ¢., there is only one place known where it still exists, and nothing would tempt me to procure one thence) and is become so rare in Holland that I doubt whether any are now sent to our markets, and I think it must be ten or a dozen years since I have seen one in a poulterer’s shop.”’

Comparative Notes upon the Remainder of the Skeleton in the Curlews and other Forms.

There are fifteen vertebrae in the cervical portion of the spinal column of JV. dongirostvis. ‘The only other complete skeleton I have of a Curlew (1V. doreals) shows the same number, so probably this holds for the genus. Free ribs occur on the fourteenth and fifteenth, and in my specimen of the Long-billed Curlew, the thirteenth vertebra of this chain shows persistent sutures upon the lines of anchylosis of the pleurapophyses on either side. So individuals of this species may be found wherein three pairs of cervical ribs exist, they being free upon the last-named vertebra. In the a¢/as, the neural arch is very broad from before backwards, with its posterior angles tipped with

SHUFELDT: OSTEOLOGY OF THE LIMICOL. 47

small nodules of bone. The cup for the occipital condyle is perforated by a minute foramen at its base. We find the neural spine of the axis to be represented by a large and tuberous knot of bone, and the transverse processes in this vertebra, directed upwards, backwards, and outwards, are unusually stout and heavy. ‘The ‘‘ odontoid process ’’ is small, and shows an articular facet on its inferior aspect. Beneath, the hypapophysis is a strong plate of bone, pointing backwards, with thickened border below.

The third vertebra has well-developed parapophysial spines; a closed vertebral canal; elliptical foramina, one on each side, in the

Fic. 14. The sternum of Numenius longirostris ; pectoral aspect, natural size. lamina of bone extending between the zygapophysial processes ; a neural and hypapophysial spine, the former being a small plate situ- ated posteriorly. In the fourth vertebra these characters are all still to be found, though the foramina above are closed in only by an extremely slender interzygapophysial bar. ‘The fifth vertebfa is very much elongated ; the mid-portion of the centrum is represented by a median longitudinal lamina of bone, extending between the more

48 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

solid and terminal pieces that support on their outer aspects the articular facets for the vertebre before and behind it. The neural spine is reduced to a sharp line; the posterior zygapophyses are out- standing processes. ‘The sixth, seventh, eighth, and ninth vertebre are substantially the same in character as the fifth, though they are growing shorter as we proceed backwards. ‘They show also the open carotid canal. In the tenth vertebra this is replaced again by a hypa- pophysis, a single plate placed anteriorly on the centrum beneath. The vertebral canal is still a closed passage, and the neural spine is absent. Extensive pneumatic foramina exist in all the ultimate seg- ments of the cervical division of the spinal column. The eleventh and

Fic. 15. The sternum of Vzsnenius longirostris ; right lateral view, natural size.

twelfth vertebrae are slowly changing, to bring about what we find strongly developed in the thirteenth. In this latter we observe a well- pronounced douwdb/e neural spine, occupying a mid-position on the neu- ral arch. ‘The postzygapophyses are elevated, but still project out- wards. <Anteriorly, the vertebra is very broad from side to side, owing to the far-spreading transverse processes that here overarch the verte- bral canal, it being closed in beneath by the anchylosed ribs, already alluded to above as being a character of this vertebra. The lateral aspects of the centrum show a deep elliptical pit on each side, with numerous circular pneumatic perforations at their bases. The hypa- pophysis is a single plate, occupying the mid-portion of the centrum. In the fourteenth vertebra the ribs, or rather the delicate pleura- pophyses, have been liberated ; the hemal spine exhibits evidences of becoming tricornute ; the neural spine stands well above the vertebra

SHUFELDT: OSTEOLOGY OF THE LIMICOL&. 49

as a tuberous and solid mass, bearing sharp spines directed backwards upon its outer and posterior angles. ‘These are the continuations of the lateral raised rims of the neural spine proper, and they project also somewhat anteriorly. ‘This is one of the most prominent features of the fifteenth or last cervical vertebra; it is explained, however, in the dorsal series by its evolution into the ordinary quadrate dorsal neural spine, with the forked extremities of the limiting rim at their crests. ‘The hemal spine of the fifteenth vertebra is triplicated, having three plates, though they are not particularly prominent. In it, too, the free ribs are quite long, and are without uncinate processes.

Numenius borealis shows but few structural departures in its cervical vertebre from those I have just described for WV. longzrostris.

The cup of the atlas does not seem to be perforated at its base ; the pleurapophyses of the thirteenth vertebra bear no striking resemblance as yet to free ribs, as they do in the Long-billed Curlew. ‘The carotid canal is found traversing identically the same vertebrze in mid-neck. In both these Curlews there are five vertebrz in the dorsal series, all articulating freely with each other. Above, they have long osseous metapophysial filaments that stretch for the length of one or nearly two vertebra before and behind, in the middle of this region. The tendons have also become ossified and attached, and reach far back- wards from each segment, those of the last running into the ilio-neural canals of the pelvis. ‘The first dorsal vertebra shows two little lateral processes at the lower extremity of its hamal spine ; this plate is single and prominent in the next vertebra, but does not appear in any of the others. Each dorsal vertebra has a pair of ribs, of the most common pattern, as seen among birds. ‘They connect with the sternum by costal ribs, and have freely articulated uncinate processes. These lat- ter are very long and narrow, reaching nearly in mid-series to the second rib to their rear.

In Curlews the pelvis also supports two pair of free ribs. The first pair has all the character of the dorsals, being simply slenderer and longer. The ultimate pair is devoid of uncinate processes, and their heemapophyses only articulate along the posterior borders of the pair in front of them, so do not reach the sternum. I find again in my specimen of JV. dorvealis an additional piece, or free costal rib, attached to the posterior border of this last pair of costal ribs, on either side.

The number and arrangement of the vertebrae and ribs of the spinal column, as far as examined, agree very nearly with Zzmosa fedoa and Recurvirostra.

j { /

KG\CA

et

es

50 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

In imantopus the number of cervicals and dorsals is the same as in Mumenius, but there appear to be one pair less of sacral ribs.

The arrangement in the Phalaropes agrees with what we find in Flimantopus.

In Gallinago and the Woodcocks the arrangement is different. In them there are twenty-one free vertebrae between the skull and pelvis ; but two pairs of cervical ribs (the first very minute); six pairs of dorsal ribs that meet the sternum through costal ones below ; two pairs of pelvic ribs, the hamapophyses of the first not reaching the sternum, and the last pair fused with the ilia and almost aborted.

In Zyinga maritima these latter are not present, otherwise the ar- rangement and number of the ribs and vertebree in the cervico-dorsal part of the trunk skeleton is the same as in Ga//inago. On the other hand Bartramia longicauda agrees with the Curlews in this matter, while all the Sandpipers that I have examined have these parts as they occur in 7. marttima. ‘The arrangement for other important forms will be fully presented when we come to examine the osteology of Aphrisa virgata beyond.

Of the Pelvis and Coccygeal Vertebra. — Viewing the pelvis of Numenius longirostris from above, we observe that the total pre- acetabular area is about equal in extent to the post-acetabular area. The ilia are long and narrow, with serrations in their anterior borders. These bones are concaved in front, and present a dimple immediately in advance of either acetabulum on this aspect. About their anterior thirds they grasp the common neural spine of the sacrum between them, thus creating closed ilio-neural canals.

Posterior to the acetabulz, these bones present convex surfaces, being drawn out behind into prominent processes that curve inwards towards each other and the median plane (see Figs. 16 and 17). They develop outstanding ledges that overhang, on either side, the anterior half of the ischiadic foramen. ‘The sacrum does not unite with the post-acetabular part of the ilia, a very marked interspace existing between them. A double row of elliptical foramina standing among the fused lateral processes further characterize this compound bone.

Upon a lateral view, the long and pointed ischium is presented to us. Posteriorly it reaches nearly as far backwards as the post-pubic style (see Fig. 17), the latter being in contact with it near its termina- tion. ‘The pubic style does not quite close in the obturator foramen

SHUFELDT: OSTEOLOGY OF THE LIMICOL&. ‘ay |

in any of the Curlews. Above the latter we find the ischiadic foramen, which in Vumentus is very large and elliptical in outline.

The lower part of the posterior border of this pelvis exhibits a triangular notch which marks the original division between the ilium and the ischium, and this latter bone from being so long and narrow, is deserving of especial notice.

There appear to be fourteen vertebrae fused together in the pelvic s |

Fic. 16. The pelvis of Neemenius longirostris, seen from above ; natural size.

sacrum of a Curlew, and the two anterior ones throw out diapophyses to the ilia, and bear the facets for the pelvic ribs. In the third ver- tebra of this series, these processes are extended almost directly up- wards, while in the fourth and fifth, again, they are horizontal, as in the first and second. From the points where the diapophyses of the fifth meet the ilia, these latter bones sweep outwards, and are fashioned to form the anterior part of the ‘basin of the pelvis.’’ The tenth sacral vertebra throws out a strong pair of transverse processes that

52 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

have widely dilated extremities which articulate with facets especially designed for them on either ilium just posterior to the acetabulum, one on either side.

Foramina for the exit of the sacral nerves are double, one being placed above the other, the increase of caliber in the neural canal of the corresponding dilatation of the cord taking place in the sacral ver- tebree from the fourth to the ninth inclusive.

Although more delicately constructed, the pelvis in VV. dorealis agrees substantially in all particulars with the bone I have just been describ- ing for its more powerful congener, the Sickle-bill.

There are ten coccygeal vertebre in /V. longirostris, which count includes the triangular and rather large pygostyle.

In Gallinago delicata the pelvis is inclined to be long and narrow, and its ischia behind deep and drooping. In front, the ilia meet the sacral crista for a limited distance, on the ridge anteriorly. At the

Fic. 17. The pelvis of Mamentus longtrostris, left lateral view ; natural size.

side, the obturator space is quite obliterated, and the obturator foramen of very small size, indeed. Broad and triangular processes, one on either hand, project backwards over the ilio-ischiac notches posteriorly. There are two vertebre that throw out apophysial braces opposite the acetabulze within the pelvic basin.

Including the rather small pygostyle there are e/even vertebra in the skeleton of the tail in this Snipe. ‘There appear to be but ten in a specimen of the American Woodcock (P. mnor), and the pelvis of this bird much resembles that bone in Gad///nago, though we note that the ilia by no means meet the sacral crista anteriorly on the dorsal aspect, and the posterior ends of the ischia are not so long or pointed.

Sandpipers (Zy7zga) and the Phalaropes have their pelves and coccygeal vertebrae much alike. ‘The pelvic bones in 777nga maritima are somewhat thin, and the interapophysial foramina of the sacrum numerous, and very open or rather large. On the whole the bone is

SHUFELDT: OSTEOLOGY OF T'HE LIMICOL&. 53

broadish and compressed from above downwards; the ilio-ischiac notch distinct ; and the ischia very much produced behind, being car- ried along on top of the post-pubis, on either side, as a delicate pointed spine, reaching almost to its end behind. ‘This species has, including the pygostyle, fe coccygeal vertebrae. Other Sandpipers possess pelves much upon the same plan.

In Limosa, Totanus, Heteractitis and in the Willets (Symphemia) the pelvis comes considerably nearer the pattern as we found it above among the Curlews. I am confident that in the Zzmzco/@ the number of coccygeal vertebra is liable to vary even within the genus. They range from seven to eleven, and may or may not be constant, although I think that the number which may fuse with the pelvic sacrum, in any

Fic. 18. The os furcula of Numenius longtrostris ;a three-quarter oblique view from the right side ; natural size.

species, has not a little to do with it. The count in immature birds would be the most accurate.

Of the Shoulder-Girdie (Fig. 18).— We find in Mumenius longt- rostris the usual bones allotted to this arch free and articulated in the manner as commonly seen in many of the class. The shape of the os furcula is upon the broad U-variety, and is broader in this Curlew than it is in others of the same genus, and still more so than in the Plovers. Viewing it laterally, we observe also that it is very decidedly curved upon itself, with the convexity directed forwards when 77 sz¢w. When articulated, the long and pointed clavicular heads rest on either side against the inner aspects cf the summits of the coracoids, while the tips extend backwards to meet the usual process furnished by each scapula. This brings the hypocleidium opposite the middle of the anterior border of the sternum, from which it is separated by quite an interspace.

54. ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

The clavicles are broader and larger at their superior or coracoidal extremities, being compressed from side to side. Above, the broad surface looks outwards ; but it is gradually changed in direction as we descend to the hypocleidium, so that below it looks forwards (Fig. 18). ‘The hypocleidium is of a quadrate form, rather small, and has an extension of its posterior border carried up behind on the line of the median clavicular union.

In WV. borealts (No. 12,595, Smithsonian Collection) the os furcula possesses all the characters I have described for the Long-billed Cur- lew. As already intimated, however, the arch of the U is not as open, the clavicular heads are not so pointed, and the hypocleidium is nearly round in form, not being so perceptibly carried up on the clavicles at their point of meeting below. Among the Plovers we found that it had the same general characteristics, and it holds the same relative position when articulated to the other bones of the shoulder-girdle.

Fic. 19. Direct anterior aspect of the left coracoid and scapula of MWemenctus

fongirostris ; natural size. s, scapula ; c, coracoid.

For the size of the bird, the furcula is large in Gaddnago, as it is in the Woodcock, but the general pattern remains the same as for the Curlews. Indeed it varies but little in form for the Zzmzco/e generally. In the Sandpipers, as a rule, the hypocleidium is more posteriorly situated, and in Ac¢zfs this process almost comes in contact with the anterior edge of the keel of the sternum, when the bones are 77 s7¢z.

In some genera the hypocleidium is very small, as in Zzmosa,; in others, as in the European Woodcock (.S. rusticola), the bone is large but its limbs are slender. The hypocleidium is also small and a dis- tinct jutting facet is thrown out on the external aspects of the free clavicular ends above, for articulation with the fore part of the head of either coracoid. ‘This is a Plover-character, and more remotely indi-

SHUFELDT: OSTEOLOGY OF THE LIMICOL&. DD

cates larine affinities, and relationships with birds belonging to more lowly groups, wherein this character is far more pronounced and at the same time a very common one. In the Ruff, and some other forms, the U is not so spreading, and the clavicular limbs in front of the cora- coidal articulations are considerably compressed in the transverse di- rection. And these latter, in this situation, are upon their outer aspects longitudinally concaved in Gadiinago delicata and in Totanus flavipes. Some Sandpipers also exhibit this latter character. ‘Taken as a whole, however, the os fwrcu/a varies but very little in its general form among the typical limicoline birds.

The coracoid of Numentus longtrostris is comparatively a short,

thick-set bone, as scarcely any true shaft exists between its humeral

Fic. 20. Left scapula and coracoid of Wumentus longirostris ; natural size.

and sternal extremities. Such as it is, however, is transversely ellip- tical on section, the section being made just below the inner process at the head of the bone. The sternal extremity is broad from side to side, in which direction it is also convex anteriorly and concave behind. Below, the sternal margin is divided into two deep concavities ; the inner and broader one is completely occupied by the articular facet for the sternum. The outer is sharp and free, having attached to its upper horn a pointed and up-tilted little spine, that I will call the cos¢a/ spine of the coracoid, it being opposite the costal border of the sternum. On the outer aspect of the bone we find the usual elliptical facet that here forms about the two thirds of the glenoid cavity (Figs. 19 and 20). The summit of the bone consists of a massive hooked process, directed forwards and inwards. Above and behind, it is impressed by a shallow concavity, while its inner surface is devoted to an elongated facet for head of clavicle. Below this on the inner side, we find another lamelli- form process, curving inwards, upwards, and forwards, that at its tip also

56 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

comes in contact with the clavicle when the bones are zw sztu. The posterior margin of this latter process is given up wholly to the scapula, which in life abuts against its entire length, as well as the shaft behind as far as the glenoid cavity.

In Numenius borealis the coracoid is a mere miniature of the bone I have just described for the Sickle-bill. Its costal process is, how- ever, much less strongly marked, and would hardly attract special notice. The coracoids, as well as the other bones of the shoulder- girdle, are non-pneumatic in the genus Numentus, and I believe gen- erally so among the Limzcole.

When articulated, the coracoids lean well forward as they spring from their sternal beds in the Curlews, while the scapulee make angles with them of about 90°. ‘They do not quite meet in the median line in any of the species, but are seperated at this point by a thin com-. pressed surface on top of the manubrium.

The anterior extremity of the scapu/a in LV. longtrostris is decurved, broad, and compressed from above downwards. The blade of the bone, which is comparatively long, becomes thinner and slightly wider posteriorly, to be very obliquely truncate at the inner side of its posterior third. ‘The angles thus formed are well rounded off, resulting in the production of a very ordinary form of this bone (Fig. 20). WV. borealis has the hinder moiety of the scapula broader, more blade-like, the truncation more decided, and its posterior apex in the articulated skeleton overhanging the anterior margin of the ilium.

In other limicoline birds the coracoids and scapulz have always much the same general appearance that those bones have in the Cur- lews.

In the European Woodcock the coracoids are relatively longer than in Mumencus, and they are inclined to be compressed in the an- tero-posterior direction. The costal process of one of them is con- spicuous, and the summit of the head of the bone is marked by an oval pit. This last character is also seen in Ashriza, Tringa, and in the coracoids of many other shore birds. Everything else being equal, the coracoids in Ga//znago are shorter and more slender than they are in the Woodcocks. Comparatively speaking they be- come still shorter among the Sandpipers. The scapulz agree pretty well all round, varying only with the size of the species, and occa- sionally in the pattern of its posterior third, where the style of acumi- nation is apt to vary.

SHUFELDT : OSTEOLOGY OF THE LIMICOL&. ai

In the Avocet and in the Oyster-catchers when the shoulder-girdle is in situ, the coracoids touch each other in the median plane over the manubrial process of the sternum.

The Willets (Syaphemia), Totanus flavipes and Lartramia longt- cauda all have the costal process of the coracoid quite prominently developed; in Zimosa uropygialts (Smithsonian Collection, No. 12,590) it is broad and quadrilateral in outline and but slightly curved upwards.

Of the Sternum (see various figures).—This bone is greatly de- veloped in all the limicoline birds, and in Z. /ongirostrts it is unusally so, when we come to take into consideration the size of the species to which it belongs. The manubrium is for the most part a thin com- pressed median plate, with sharp edge below and thickened border above. At its base superiorly, it is contracted again to an edge, that just keeps the coracoids apart in the articulated skeleton. The cora- coidal grooves lie in the horizontal plane; they are broad from above downwards, convex at their middles, and concave at their inner and outer limits. Anteriorly, the margin of the keel is very sharp, being carried clear up to the base of the manubrial process. It appears above, however, merely as a line on the front of that column of bone that descends in this situation, to be gradually lost as its expands on either side of the keel below within this anterior margin. ‘The cari- nal angle in WV. /ongirostris is rounded in front, being partly covered by the raised rim that bounds the entire length of the keel below. This latter part of the sternum is exceedingly deep, being carried backwards to the very end of the sternal body by a graceful curve QPig. 15).

Upon the costal border we observe six transverse facets for articu- lation with the hemapophyses. They are limited beyond by a low quadrate costal process —a feebly-pronounced feature in the sternum of our Curlew. So high do the sides of the sternal body itself arise that it reminds one very much of avery deep spoon with slender processes projecting from its free border in front, corresponding to the hinder border of the sternum. ‘These processes are four in number, two on either side, making this sternum a four-notched one. ‘Their shape and arrangement can best be seen by referring to my drawing in Fig. 14. On the superior aspect of the sternum, in the median line, and just within the anterior boundary, we find a deep pit with rounded margins. At its base, there seems to be a few minute, pneu- matic perforations. The usual muscular lines are found to be strongly

58 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

marked on the sternal body and keel in this Curlew, being carried back, in each case, nearly to its xiphoidal extremity.

The chief differences presented to us in the sternum of JV. dorealis are a greater width of the mid-process posteriorly, and a very decided protrusion forwards of the carinal angle anteriorly. In all other respects the sternum of the Eskimo Curlew seems to be the very minia- ture of the bone I have just described for the Sickle-bill Curlew.

Passing next to the sternum as we find it in Scolopax, Philohela, and Gallinago, it is to be observed that the bone has, in its general form, precisely the same pattern as it has in Mwmenius. ‘The carinal angle, however, is more prominent and pointed, and the sterna of these birds lack the internal pair of xiphoidal notches. I have one sternum of a specimen of Wilson’s Snipe ( Ga//mago) though, that on the right hand side has a foramen at the locality where the inner notch occurs in other Zimicole. Most Sandpipers have a sternum like what we found in the Curlews, but the posterior xiphodal border, as indicated by the ends of the xiphoidal processes, lays more in a transverse line, not being nearly as much rounded as it is in Wumentus. Limosa has the inner pair of notches very small, and they are absent again in such genera as Pavoncella and Rhyacophilus. Avocets have all four of the notches, and in them they are about of equal depth, while in Zofanus they agree with Zimosa. Bartramia longicauda shows a small pair of inner notches in its sternum, with very deep outer ones.

Gallinago has the manubrium very small, and in the sternum of that species the pectoral muscular lines on the sides of the carina are raised and rounded welts. This last character is wanting in Woodcocks, and in them the manubrium is larger. I believe in all the unmentioned species the sternum is four-notched, and in other respects substantially has the pattern of that bone as it is seen in Vumenius.

Of the Appendicular Skeleton.— All the bones of both limbs in the Limicole are non-pneumatic in character. Asa rule, the long bones are straight, and comparatively very long. ‘They are also strong and otherwise perfectly developed — shore-birds being, as we know, good fliers.

The os humero-scapulare seems to be absent, its place being taken by ligaments, as in other birds where this ossicle does not appear.

The humerus (Fig. 21) of Mumenius longtrostris has a shaft that is much straighter than is commonly seen among birds, where it is usually formed like a long ais Its proximal extremity is comparatively widely

SHUFELDT: OSTEOLOGY OF THE LIMICOL. 59

expanded, which expansion includes the graceful canopy that arches over the unpierced pneumatic fossa. A deep notch divides this from the articular facet or head for the glenoid cavity.

The radial crest is well developed and bent outwards almost at a right angle with the vertical plane of the bone, when viewed in a position of rest. Should a section of mid-shaft be made, the figure would be very nearly circular; it becomes triedral proximally and roughly elliptical towards the distal end. In this latter region, above the external condyle, an ‘‘epicondylar’’ process is developed; and this process is developed in a greater or less degree in all shore-

i a Oi =

tec RARER Eee LEER re

Fic. 21. Right humerus of ements longirostris, anconal aspect ; natural size.

birds. Its apex is intended for muscular attachment. There is a well- marked fossa just proximad to the distal articular tubercles of the humerus.

Viewed from above, the shaft of the w/a is seen to have a long, gentle curve, extending from one end of the bone to the other, being the greatest near its proximal extremity.

The papillze for the quill-butts along the shaft are quite distinct in this bird, and still more so in the Oyster-catcher, where they present the unusual condition of being narrow and oblong in shape, and placed, as it were, obliquely on the shaft. To the inside of these a secondary row is seen, running down the shaft longitudinally. These little pro- tuberances are scarcely perceptible in the Phalaropes or in 777nga.

The radius of WV. /ongtrostris does not exhibit so much of a curve in its shaft as its companion in the antibrachium, though it is gently bent throughout its length. A concavity is scooped out of its shaft near the head, over which tendons pass in life.

The carpus contains the two free bones ordinarily found there in adult birds, articulating after the usual manner.

All of the Zimicole, so far as I have examined them, are endowed with a remarkably long hand. If we allow the bones of the carpus to be added to it, its length in the Sickle-bill is fully equal to that of the

60 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

ulna. Each bone lends its proportional share to produce this result. The shaft of the second metacarpal is, for the most part, cylindrical in form, while its"anchylosed companion is of very slender proportions. I findzin Mumenius and Hematopus a delicate, curved and free claw- joint, suspended from the distal end (Fig. 22, x).

There is an ample expanded portion springing from the posterior

Fic. 22. Palmar aspect of right manus of Wamenius longirostris, showing also distal extremities of radius and ulna, natural size. 7, radius; zw, ulna; s, radiale ; c, ulnare ; f, pollex ; x, claw on pollex ; 2’, index metacarpal of carpo-metacarpus ; 2’/, its first or proximal phalanx ; 2’, its distal phalanx ; 727, medius metacarpal of carpo-metacarpus ; 72/7, its digit.

aspect of the first digit of second metacarpal. It is produced down- wards as a flattened and peg-like process, not commonly seen. This phalanx supports below one more long ayd slender joint. ‘The smaller digit of the third metacarpal has a shape not unlike a compressed claw, as it hooks over the expanded portion of the finger at its side. The Pelvic Limb, — After the process of maceration and drying,

SHUFELDT: OSTEOLOGY OF THE LIMICOLA, 61

the femur of this Curlew has all the appearance of a pneumatic bone, but careful search fails to discover the orifices at their accustomed sites, though a few very minute openings are to be seen on the opposite side of the bone, below the facet. This, I must believe, would be an unusual locality for such foramina. ‘The femoral shaft in Mumenzus is straight, smooth and cylindrical, with all muscular lines nearly obso- lete. A rough surface is found on the back of the trochanterian prominence, and this portion rears well above the facet at the summit.

The pit for ligamentum teres is very shallow, and rather irregular in outline. Several of the characteristic features of the distal extremity of the bone are more keenly defined than those just described for the proximal end. ‘The intercondyloid notch is deeply excavated ; the anterior border of the external condyle is a sharp crest, while the cor- responding surface on the internal one is evenly rounded. Upon the reverse aspect we find the popliteal depression well sunken, and the notch for the head of fibula cleanly cut out. A tubercle and pit exist on its outer and condyloid side for ligamentous attachment.

The length of the tibio-tarsus in this Curlew is double that of the femur, and the shaft of the bone has a general convexity inclined out- wards. Sections taken through its middle third are subellipses, and the expanded extremities are rather abruptly attached, more particularly the proximal one. There the pro- and ectocnemial processes rise squarely from the shaft, showing but little of that tendency to merge gradually into it below. ‘The ectocnemial process is shaped like a claw, with its joint inclined downwards. Its fellow is much larger, lamelliform, slightly turned outwards, quadrilateral in figure, with the angles rounded off. ‘They are produced upwards as a rotular process to a very slight extent. The fibular ridge stands out from the shaft on its outer aspect asa prominent and rather extended crest of bone.

At the distal extremity we find the inner condyle to be smaller than the opposite or outer one, as well as proportionately narrower from above downwards. In the groove between them anteriorly, the tendi- nal ridge is ossified, the span being thrown directly across, and not obliquely, as it is in some birds. Prominent tubercles exist on either side, immediately above it, for ligamentous attachment, and an addi- tional bridge is formed of this material above this point. The fdula is compressed from side to side above, and club-shaped. After articu- lating with the ridge designed for it on the tibio-tarsus, it merges into the shaft of that bone a little over half-way down, measuring from the proximal extremity.

62 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

/Timantopus, with its pelvic limb of twenty-nine centimeters in length, has a fibula that descends but one fourth the distance down the tibial shaft.

The patella in Numentus is, comparatively, very small, and of an odd, irregular shape. Oryster-catchers have this sesamoid only repre-

Fic. 23. Parts oF Ricur PeLvic Limp oF NuMENIUs LoncirosrrRiIs, Natural size. 772, anterior view of the tarso-metatarsus ; 777’, a view of the surface of its prox- imal extremity at right angles to the shaft; 4, the hypotarsus ; ¢//, a view of the surfaces of the distal extremity of tarso-metatarsus at right angles to the shaft, showing the trochleze for the podal digits; 7, upper extremity of the tibia; 7’, view of its

proximal surface at right angles to the shaft ; /, anterior aspect of the femur,

sented in a diminutive cartilaginous nodule, and it is absent in other shore-birds. It is small in Avocets and Willets.

The ¢arso-metatarsus of Mumenius is but a little over a centimeter shorter than its tibio-tarsus. Upon the superior surface of its proxi- mal extremity the articular facets for the tibial condyles are deeply

SHUFELDT: OSTEOLOGY OF THE LIMICOLA. 63

impressed, and a prominent tubercle arises between them on the ante-

rior rim (Fig. 23, #7). Behind, the hypotarsus is bulky, being both

grooved and pierced for the passage of the tendons. ‘The shaft of this

Fic. 24. Skull of Hematopus backmani, left lateral view ; natural size. Fic. 25. Mandible of HYematopus backmant, viewed from above ; natural size.

Fic. 26. Skull of /Zematopus backmant, superior aspect ; natural size ; mandible Fic. 27. Skull of Hematopus backmani, basal view ; mandible removed ; natural

Fics. 24, 25, 26 and 27 are all drawn by the author from the skeleton of the same l

individual (No. 13,636 of the Smithsonian Collection ).

64 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

bone is concave longitudinally for its entire length on the anterior as- pect, and less so upon the posterior. The trochlear prolongations at the distal end are large, and the extremity much expanded, a feature still better marked in the swift-footed Oyster-catchers. | When describ- ing the skeleton in the Plovers I spoke of the fact of a number of the limicoline birds lacking the hind toes. ‘This is the case with /zman- topus and others. With respect to the Curlews, in number, the pha- langes of the podal digits are arranged upon the common plan of the avian foot, and in no way offer us anything beyond the ornithic char- acteristics that pertain to the skeletal foot of a typical wader.

Now the writer has made many comparisons of the wing and leg bones of the Lemecol@, and has failed to find any very decided departures from what has been given above for the Curlews. Practically, the characters are the same throughout the suborder. Even those birds that show the more marked differences in other directions, as the Woodcocks and Gaddnago, have the skeleton of the limbs typically limicoline. This does not apply to the comparative and relative lengths and calibers of bones, for such may differ, and probably do, among the various species and genera of shore-birds. Nor does the absence or presence of the claw on the pollex phalanx seem to go for much, for although entirely wanting in some forms, it is most rudi- mentary in others, while as we have seen, in Wwmenius it is a true claw, piercing the integuments and covered with a horny sheath. Such a claw never occurs, I believe, on the distal phalanx of index digit in any of the Zimzcole. .

In so far as the osteology of the Aphrizide is concerned I have already given a full account of the skeleton of the Surf Bird in a paper entitled, ‘‘ On the Affinities of Aphriza virgata,’’ which appeared in The Journal of Morphology for November, 1888 (Vol. II., No. 2), and to it the reader is referred for such limicoline characters that are desir- able to be taken into consideration with what is set forth in the present memoir. ‘There are some few corrections the writer would like to make in the aforesaid paper, but they are not of sufficient importance to justify its republication as a whole. ‘There is, however, one point I should like to invite attention to, and that is what I say in that paper in regard to the unreliability of the so-called notches in the sterna of some genera of birds. As a character it attracted the attention of Pro- fessor Alfred Newton, F.R.S., and he wrote me from Cambridge, Eng- land, under date of December 14, 1889, and said in connection with

SHUFELDT: OSTEOLOGY OF THE LIMICOL. 65

two sterna of the European Woodcock he kindly submitted me for examination, ‘‘ but I send two to show how variable is the form of the posterior notches in this species; I have always maintained that char- acters drawn from this part of the sternum are comparatively of little value, and especially in the Zzmzcole.’’

I now pass to a brief consideration of the osteology of the Jacanas.

Novres ON THE SKELETON IN THE JACANAS ( Zhe Jacanid@).

Jacanas are birds which have been considered by some as belonging to the family Ra/ide and by others placed in the present group. Their position here however, I think has now been most definitely settled, chiefly through the anatomical investigations upon numerous species of them, undertaken by Garrod and by Forbes. ‘he former writer in his celebrated paper, ‘‘On the Value in Classification of a Peculiarity in the Anterior Margin of the Nasal Bones in certain Birds ’’ has said that ‘*‘ Parra should be removed to the Charadriomorphe,’’ and the last-named talented anatomist in his excellent paper on ‘* Notes on the Anatomy and Systematic Position of the Jacanas (Parride).’’ has very conclusively settled their taxonomic position for all time. I will use this paper of Forbes quite extensively here for what there is to be said about their osteology. He examined specimens of Parra jacana and gymnostoma, Metopidius indicus, africanus and a/binucha, and fydrophasianus chirurgus, and the present writer has closely studied a mounted skeleton of P. gymnostoma. Garrod figured the skull of Aydralector cristata (P. Z. S., 1873, p. 34, Fig. 5), and Forbes the skull of P. yacana (Coll. Sci., Memoirs, p. 224, Fig. 1).

In speaking of them as a family Forbes said in his paper: ‘‘ There are well-developed basipterygoid processes, which are always absent in the Rails, though of very frequent occurrence amongst the ‘ Pluviales,’ occurring in all the Charadriinz and Scolopacinz I have examined. In Parra jacana and Metopidius albinucha, the long, narrow, slightly decurved vomer is emarginate apically, as in certain Charadriidz. In the Raliide@ it is, I believe, always sharp at the point.’’

‘©The maxillo-palatine processes are rather slender and directed backwards ; they have the form of concavo-convex lamellz, are not at all swollen, and do not unite by some way in the middle line, the vomer appearing between and (when the skull is viewed from the palatal aspect) below them.”’

1Garrod, A. H., P. Z. S., Lond., 1873, pp. 33-38. See page 37.

1Forbes, W. A., P. Z. S., Lond., 1881, pp. 639-647.

66 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

‘¢ There is no ossified internasal septum, nor any ossification of the narial cartilages. The lacrymal is small, anchylosed with the naso- below.”’

?

frontal region of the skull above, and with the ‘ pars plana

‘¢Qn the posterior aspect of the skull there are no traces of the occipital fontanelles, which are found in so many birds related to the Plovers.”’

‘<The supraorbital impressions for the nasal glands, which are so conspicuous in most Plovers, the Gulls, Auks and many other birds, are absent in the Parride.’’

Forbes showed by a drawing how unlike the sternum of JZetoprdius albinucha was the bone as it is found in the Ra//7d@, and added: ‘In the latter group the sternum is always peculiar in that the xiphoid pro- cesses exceed in length the body of the sternum, which tapers toa point posteriorly, and from which they are separated by very long and well-marked triangular notches. The carina sterni also is less well developed, and the clavicles are weaker and straighter, being less convex forwards than in the Parride. The sternum and clavicles of Parra and Metopidius in general form, on the other hand, resemble closely the type found in some of the Pluvialine birds (e. g., Thino- corus, Atiagis).’’

«¢ The pelvis, again, of the Rails presents certain well-marked pecu- liarities. If that of Radllus aguaticus be taken asa typical form, it will be found that the ilia are long and narrow, and but little expanded in their preacetabular part. The postacetabular portion of the pelvis is but little bent down on the preacetabular part ; and the ischia and pubes are but little everted. The ischia are united by broad bony plates to about the three most posterior ‘‘ sacral’’ vertebra ; between these plates and the expanded part of the ilia above are well-developed and deep fossee, occupied, in the fresh state, by the posterior portion of the kidneys. Viewed from above, the well-marked ‘‘ postacetabu-

>is

lar’’ ridge, which divides off the dorsal from the lateral aspect of the pelvis, running from just behind the antitrochanteric eminence to the posterior spine of the ilium, presents, a little behind those two points, a strongly projecting process. The greatest breadth of the postace- tabular part of the pelvis is therefore here, and not at the more an- teriorly situated prominence, close to the antitrochanter. Viewed from the side, this ridge forms a sort of overlapping roof to the slightly excavated external pelvic fossa. The genera Ocydromus, Aramtdes, Fulica and Porphyrio do not essentially depart from this type.’’ ‘In

SHUFELDT: OSTEOLOGY OF THE LIMICOLA. 67

Parra and Metopidius the ilia are wider and more expanded anteriorly. The postacetabular ridge has hardly any median projection ; and the pelvis is widest, dorsally, just behind the antitrochanters. The plates of bone between the ischia and sacrum are narrower, and the posterior part of the renal fossa less well developed, and more open in conse- quence. In all these points these forms thus approach the Limicoline birds.’

After showing the peculiarly expanded radius present in some of the genera of the Parride, and illustrating it by a drawing of the wing- bones of Metopidius albinucha (Coll. Sci. Mem., pp. 227, 228, Fig. 3), he adds: ‘*In Parra jacana and P. gymnostoma the radius pre- sents the ordinary form; and the same is the case in ydrophasianus chirurcus. . . . The ‘claw’ or ‘spur’ of the wing of the Jacanas has, it may be observed, no relation whatever to the ‘claw’ or nail of the pollex, which is also present, though small, in all the three genera I have examined. ‘The ‘spur,’ in Parra jacana at least, con- sists of an external, translucent, yellow epidermic layer, which invests a central core of compact fibrous tissue, this in turn being supported by a bony projection developed at the radial side of the first meta- carpal.’’

‘As regards the position of the Parridee in the group Pluviales, it appears to me that they form a well-marked family, with no very obvi- ous relationships to any of the other families of that group, approaching, however, perhaps most nearly to the Charadriide, from which they are easily distinguishable by the absence of supraorbital glands and occipital foramina, by their enormously elongated toes, by the number of rectrices, and other points. A brief definition of the Parridze may be given as follows: ’’

‘¢Charadriiform birds, with ten rectrices, short ceca, and a tufted oil-gland ; with the ambiens, accessory femoro-caudal, and accessory semitendinosus muscles developed, and with the obturator internus triangular ; with a two-notched sternum, and with the digits, includ- ing the hallux, greatly developed ; with the skull provided with basi- pterygoid processes, but lacking occipital foramina and supraorbital gland-depressions.’’

I am inclined to depart somewhat from this finding of Forbes, and although I believe that the Jacanas belong among the Limicole, as we have here placed them, I am inclined to think that their relationship to certain of the Sandpipers is closer than it is with any of the Plovers.

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68 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

In the first place they are more strictly aquatic than are most of the Plovers, and many of the latter have but three toes (the anterior ones). The Jacanas have a two-notched sternum, so has Rhyacophilus solita- rius and Actitis macularia and probably other Z7zug@. In all the typi- cal Plovers, I believe, the sternum is four-notched. Jacanas have a habit occasionally, when standing, of stretching the wings upwards to their full extent above the back, so that they nearly or quite touch each other. ARhyvacophilus and other Sandpipers have the same peculiar habit, and it is not practiced by the Plovers. ‘The skull of a Jacana is quite as much tringine as it is pluvialine, as is also its pectoral arch, and some other bones of its skeleton.

In the specimen I examined (/acana gymnostoma) 1 found the postero-external angles of the palatines rounded; and the vomer anchylosed with those bones. ‘The basipterygoid processes were pres- ent. The vomer long, slender and rounded anteriorly. ‘Two vacui- ties occupied the interorbital septum. Mavxillo-palatines were small, elongated, not swollen, and nearly hidden by the preepalatines. De- scending process of lacrymal fused with pars plana, and the bone anchylosed with the frontal and nasal above. Schizorhinal in type, it likewise possessed twenty-one vertebrae between the skull and pelvis (Rails, as a rule, have twenty-two). Morphologically, both sternum and pelvis are tringo-ralline, with the os fuwrcu/a tringine in type. As to the ribs, I found five hemapophyses that reached the sternum, and one pair that did not do so. ‘here are two pairs of cervical ribs which articulated with their vertebrae. A faze//a is present which sesamoid is absent in true Radiide.

SYNOPSIS OF THE PRINCIPAL OSTEOLOGICAL CHARACTERS OF THE LIMICOL.

1. Excepting certain parts of the skull, the entire skeleton is non- pneumatic.

2. Bones of the facial region (premaxilla) may be shortened (pluvialine types) or lengthened (scolopacine types) ; and in certain of the latter it may be either recurved or deflected to one side.

3. The sphenoidal rostrum is elongated and slender, and _ the mesethmoid projects forward beneath the premaxilla.

4. All the forms are of the schizognathous type, as well as schizo- rhinal. .

5. The vomer may be small and spiculiform (PAz/ohe/a), or long

SHUFELDT: OSTEOLOGY OF THE LIMICOLA&. 69

and lamelliform. It may be pointed anteriorly, or bifurcated ( Avocets and Hematopus) or rounded, as in some of the /acanide.

6. The maxillo-palatines are usually plate-like, concavo-convex scrolls, often nearly absorbed by perforating foramina. In Hematopus they are flat and thicker, and fuse with the palatines.

7. Basi-pterygoid processes are always present and functional. _

8. The interorbital septum always shows a central perforation of greater or less size. This is least noticeable in MWacrorhamphus.

g. The angle of the mandible may be either a sharp, recurved process or it may be lamelliform as in //ematopus. It may have its articular ends bent downwards as in the Woodcocks and Gad/inago.

ro. The sternum may have two pairs of xiphoidal notches (Plovers and others); or a single pair (Actitis, Rhyacophilus, Jacanas, Wood- cocks and Gad//inago). Its manubrium is never large, and the keel is deep. Os furcuda is of the U-shaped pattern, and its hypocleidium small or nearly aborted.

11. Hallux usually much reduced in size, except in /acanide, or may be entirely absent.

12. The phalanges of the anterior toes diminish in length from the basal to the penultimate.

ON THE AFFINITIES OF THE LIMICOL&.

Regarding this suborder as a whole, and selecting any genus of Plovers to represent its center, then by the aid of osteological charac- ters alone, it is not a difficult matter to trace from them, through cer- tain forms, to the Zavide and their kin. On another line, and passing the Sandpipers, Willets, Godwits and Curlews in review, we find them also related to the Ibises and their relatives. Or from the Willets, through the Avocets and Stilts, they seem to lead to Lurypyga, and through such tringine forms as Rhyacophilus and Actitis, related as they are to the /acanide, they lead to the Raliide of the suborder Furicari®. Finally, W. Kitchen Parker has shown that through Hlematopus and Chionis, their affinity with the Zudznares can be demonstrated. —

In some respects the Zzmico/e rank lower than the herodine and ralline types, while in other particulars they are undoubtedly higher.

Regarding the forms we have dealt with in the present chapter, and again selecting the Plovers as the center of the group, we find that through Aphriza virgata of the family Aphrizide they are linked

70 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

most perfectly with the Z77nmgee, as through the Turnstones of the Family Avenaride their kinship with the Oyster-catchers of the Family //ematopodide may easily be traced. Phalaropes are most nearly related to the Sandpipers ; and the Woodcocks and Gad/inago in their shoulder-girdles, pelves, and less so in their sterna, show strong ties with larine stock, as in its skull does also Hematopus. ‘The line from the Plovers through the Sandpipers Macrorhamphus — to the true Snipes and Scolapax rusticola is clearly

and Micropalama —

indicated, and most distinct. And starting from the pluvialine center again, we once more pass through the 777mgee, Actitis, Rhyacophilus, the Tatlers of the genus Zotanus, through Zzmosa to the Curlews. Some of these relationships cannot be definitely made out until we are in possession of a fuller knowledge of the anatomy in-its entirety of many of the types which have been named in this memoir. At the present writing I am engaged upon preparing a provisional scheme of classification of Aves as a Class. In it I place the CHara- DRIIFORMES (LX.) between the Lariformes and the group containing all the ralline types. ‘They are then arranged in the following manner.

SUPERSUBORDER. SUBORDER. SUPERFAMILY. FAMILY. Charadriide. Arenariide. Heematopodidee. Aphrizide. Scolopacide. Phalaropodide. Recurvirostridz. Jacanoidea. Jacanidee. Thinocoride. Dromadide. Glareolide. Cursoride. ( C&dicnemidee. ( Otidide.

Limicole.

X. CHARADRIIFORMES.

Cursore. Otidoidea. EXPLANATION OF PLATE.

Right lateral view of the skeleton of Jacana gymmnostoma. Collection of the United States National Museum, No. 17,317. Nearly natural size.

ANNALS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, Vol Il.

Right Lateral View of the Skeleton of Jacana gymnostoma

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IV. MINUTE BOOK OF THE VIRGINIA COURT HELD FOR YOHOGANIA COUNTY, FIRST AT AUGUSTA TOWN (NOW WASHINGTON, PA.), AND AFTER- WARDS ON THE ANDREW HEATH FARM NEAR WEST ELIZABETH ; 1776-1780.

EDITED BY BoyD CRUMRINE, OF WASHINGTON, Pa.

INTRODUCTORY.

The minutes of this court, as well as those of the old Fort Dunmore court printed with an introductory sketch in Vol. L., pp. 505-568 of these Annaés, are preserved in several old manuscript volumes of unruled paper, legal-cap size. The entries in these order books were evidently written hastily by the official clerks during the sessions of the court, accounting for the misspelling of many proper names and other words, and for frequent illegibility. ‘They may have been intended to be copied out at length in the more formal records of the court proceedings ; but it is possible that, as the courts themselves as well as the Virginia territorial jurisdictions ceased to exist after the final running of the southern and western boundary lines, no other and more regular transcript of the orders was ever made, and that the records now published are the only ones in existence containing the judicial business of these ancient courts.

These records are accurately copied, when at all legible, as spelled and capitalized in the original; even the punctuation is unchanged except now and then when thought to be absolutely necessary for in- telligibility. For it is believed that when the details of local history are given, for the subsequent use of the general historian, this literal- ness of transcription gives color and strength to local incidents. So when one meets in old records with the name James Swolevan, he is interested in determining that the name must have been that of plain James Sullivan. And shall we say that the name ‘‘ Worshington ”’ was not ‘‘ Washington ”’ ?

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Attention is called to the efforts made, as disclosed in the proceed- ings of the Court of Yohogania County now published, to have the oath of allegiance to the State of Virginia administered to all the in- habitants of the Monongahela and Ohio valleys, within the limits of the actually exercised jurisdiction of Westmoreland County, Pennsyl- vania. '

Why are the records of these old Virginia courts found in the vaults of the court-house of Washington County, Pennsylvania? <A reply to this question may be made as follows :

On March 1, 1780, just before the final ratification by Pennsy]l- vania and Virginia of the agreement at the Baltimore Conference, on the establishment of the boundary lines between the two states, and whilst all the territory of Washington, Allegheny, Fayette and Greene counties and of that part of Beaver county south of the Ohio River still formed part of Westmoreland County, erected in 1773, the legislature of Pennsylvania, ‘first of all the states,’’ says III. Bryant’s Hist. of U. S., 177, passed an act for the gradual emancipation of all the slaves within its jurisdiction.” And on March 21, 1781, Washington County was erected, the first new County out of old Westmoreland. Then on April 13, 1782, less than two years after the Virginia courts had ceased to be held within the limits of Pennsylvania, and still before the boundary lines had been actually run on the ground, an act was passed by the general assembly of Pennsylvania, entitled ‘‘ An Act to redress certain grievances within the Counties of Westmoreland and Wash-

ington.’’*

The preamble to this act recited :

«« Whereas a number of the inhabitants of Westmoreland and Wash- ington counties have represented to the General Assembly that they labor under many inconveniences by reason that Before the Boundary was agreed to between the States of Virginia and Pennsylvania, many of the inhabitants aforesaid, conceiving themselves under the jurisdic- tion of Virginia, which exercised judicial authority over them, had taken and subscribed the oath of Allegiance and Fidelity as prescribed by the laws and the usages of the said State, [and] are considered in many respects as not entitled to all the rights of free citizens of this State ; and but for the reason above mentioned they have had no opportunity

1See the Order of Court on August 26, 1777, and 9 Henning’s Statutes 281.

2See Act of March 1, 1780, II. Carey & Bioren, 246; I. Dall. L., 838; 1 Smith’s L., 492.

3 This act is not found at length in any of the editions of our Pennsylvania laws,

but see it noted as obsolete in I. Dall. L., p. 55.

pal?

MINUTES OF CouURT OF YOHOGANIA COUNTY. ie

of entering or registering their slaves agreeable to the Act of Assembly of this State for the gradual Abolition of slavery ; and that a number of the records and papers containing the proceedings of the late counties of Yohogania, Monongalia and Ohio are now in the hands of the late Clerks, who are not authorized to give exemplied copies Eoereot : ”?

Then followed enacting sections providing that all the inhabitants of Westmoreland and Washington counties, whose names should be found in the records thereinafter mentioned, having and producing to the clerks of the General Quarter Sessions of the said counties respec- tively ‘‘ certified copies or certificates of their having taken the Oath of Allegiance and Fidelity to the State of Virginia before the said Bound- ary was agreed to, shall be and they are hereby declared to be to all in- tents and purposes free citizens of this state ;’’ and further providing that all such inhabitants ‘*‘ who were on the 23rd day of Sept., 1780,’ possessed of Negro or Mulatto slaves or servants until the age of thirty one years,’’ might register such slaves or servants under said act for the gradual abolition of slavery, ‘‘ on or before the rst day of January next ; and the said master or masters, owner or owners of such slaves or servants shall be entitled to his or their services as by the said act is directed, and the said slaves and servants shall be entitled to all benefits and immunities in the said act contained and expressed.’’ Then followed the final section :

‘And be tt further enacted by the authority aforesaid, that the Clerks of the Orphans’ Courts, the Registers of the probates of Wills and granting letters of administration, and the Recorders of Deeds, for the respective counties of Westmoreland and Washington aforesaid, shall be authorized and empowered to call on the late clerks of the said counties of Yohogania, Monongalia and Ohio, for all such papers and records in their custody or possession, which relate to or affect the taking of the oath or affirmation of Allegiance, the probates of wills, granting letters of administration, and the Recording of Deeds or other indentures of Bargain and Sale, of any of the inhabitants of the said counties of Westmoreland and Washington, and when they shall receive all or any part of the said papers and records as aforesaid they shall be lodged within their respective offices and become part of the records of said counties ; and the said Clerks are hereby required

1 The day of the final ratification by Pennsylvania of the final agreement for the boundary lines; VIII. Penna. Archives, 570.

74. ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

and enjoined on demand as aforesaid to deliver up intire and indefaced all such papers and records as aforesaid, and in case they or either of them shall refuse or neglect to deliver up the papers and records in manner and form aforesaid, they or either of them so neglecting or refusing shall forfeit and pay the sum of five hundred pounds, to be recovered by action of debt in any court of Common Pleas within this Commonwealth, for the use of the same.

‘Signed by order of the House,

“* Fred’ k A. Muhlenburg, Speaker.’’

Monongalia and Ohio counties, Virginia, did not become extinct, but were pushed out of Pennsylvania by the boundary lines established, and carried their records with them. ‘The records of the courts at Fort Dunmore and for Yohogania County, thus became a part of the official records of Washington County, Pennsylvania.

3y reference to the record of the formal organization of the old Fort Dunmore court, Vol. I., p. 525 of these Aza/s, it is seen that that court was constituted under ‘‘ His Majesties Writ,’’ issued by Lord Dunmore, ‘‘ for adjorning the County Court of Augusta from the Town of Staunton to Fort Dunmore, and with a new Commission of: the Peace,’’ which included George Croghan and fourteen others named after him, all of whom resided in the Monongahela and Ohio valleys, as ‘*Gentlemen, Justices.’? The creation of that court was by the will of King George as expressed by his colonial representative, Lord Dunmore. But there came a time when His Majesty’s writs by whom- soever issued were inoperative west of the Alleghenies, as well as east of them to the Atlantic; and, as noted briefly on p. 520, Vol. I. of these Axna/s, the legislature of Virginia, now become an independent commonwealth, in October, 1776, passed An Act for ascertaining the boundary between the County of Augusta and the District of West Augusta, and for dividing the said District into three district Counties.

This act, to be found at length by the reference in the note,’ estab- lished the southern boundaries of the District of West Augusta, and proceeded :

‘And to render the benefits of government and administration of justice more easy and convenient to the people of said District, Be it enacted, &c., That from and after the 8th day of November next en-

1 Chapter XLV., 9 Henning’s Statutes, 262. See our map of the District of West Augusta, facing p. 518, Vol. I. of these Azzzals.

MINUTES OF CouRT OF YOHOGANIA COUNTY. 16

suing all that part of said District lying within the following lines, to wit: Beginning at the mouth of Cross Creek, thence up the same to the head thereof, thence southeastwardly to the nearest part of the ridge which divides the waters of the Ohio from those of the Mononga- hela, thence along the said ridge to the line which divides the county of Augusta from the said District, thence with the said Boundary to the Ohio, thence up the same to the beginning, shall be one distinct county and be called and known by the name of Ohzo County.

«« And all that part of the said District lying to the northward of the following lines, viz: Beginning at the mouth of Cross Creek, and running up its several courses to the head thereof, thence southeast- wardly to the nearest part of the aforesaid dividing ridge between the waters of the Monongahela and Ohio, thence along the said ridge to the head of Ten Mile Creek, thence east to the road leading from Cat- fish-Camp to Redstone Old Fort, thence along the said road to the Monongahela River to the said Fort, thence along Dunlap’s old road to Braddock’s road and with the same to the meridian of the head foun- tain of the Potowmack, shall be one other distinct county and shall be called and known by the name of Vohogania County.

«« And all that part of the said District lying to the northward of the county of Augusta, to the westward of the meridian of the head foun- tain of the Potowmack, to the southward of the county of Yohogania, and to the eastward of the county of Ohio shall be one other distinct county, and shall be called and known by the name of the County of Monongata.

‘¢ And for the administration of justice in the said counties of Ohio, Yohogania and Monongalia, after the same shall take place, Be it en- acted, &c., That after the said 8th day of November, courts shall be constantly held every month by the Justices of the respective Counties, upon the days hereafter specified for each county respectively, that is to say: For the County of Ohio, on the first Monday, for the County of Monongalia on the second Monday, and for the County of Yoho- gania on the fourth Monday in every month, and in such manner as by the laws of this Commonwealth is provided for other Counties, and as shall be by their Commission directed.’’ !

A subsequent section of this Virginia statute provided that the court of Yohogania County should have jurisdiction to hear and determine all actions and suits, both at law and in equity, which should be

1 See Crumrine’s ‘‘ History of Washington County,’’ p. 183 and notes.

76 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

‘¢depending’’ before the Court of West Augusta at the time the said jurisdiction should take place. And it was further enacted,’ that the landholders of the said counties, respectively, should meet on the 8th day of December next, those of the County of Yohogania ‘‘ at the house of Andrew Heath, on the Monongahela’’; those of the County of Monongalia ‘‘ at the house of Jonathan Corbin [Coburn] in the said county ’’ ; and those of the County of Ohio ‘‘at the house of Ezekiel Dewit in the said County,’’ then and there to choose the place of hold- ing courts for their respective counties.

Jonathan Coburn lived about ten miles southeast of New Geneva, in what is now Fayette County, and the place chosen for holding the courts of Monongalia County was the plantation of Theophilus Philips, ahout two miles above New Geneva, on the upper Monongahela, and here the courts of that county were held until the establishment of the boundary line, when, to get them out of Pennsylvania, they were removed to the plantation of Zachwell Morgan, afterwards Morgan- town ; but the early records of this court were lost in the burning of the court-house at Morgantown in 1796. ‘The place chosen by the landholders of Ohio County for the holding of the court for that county was Black’s Cabin, on Short Creek, now West Liberty, West Va., and the first court held there was on January 6, 1777. There these courts continued to be held until 1797, when they were removed to Wheeling.

Whether the election required to be held on December 8, 1776, at the house of Andrew Heath (near what is now West Elizabeth, Alle- gheny County, Pa.), to choose a place for holding the court for Yoho- gania County, was held at the time and place appointed is not known ; but, whatever the fact, there is now room for the belief, from a more careful study of the records of that court here produced, that, from its first session on December 23, 1776, until on August 25, 1777, when it was ordered ‘*’That the court be adjourned to the house now occu- pied by Andrew Heath,’’ the court for Yohogania County continued to be held at Augusta Town, now Washington, Pa., and that it was then removed to its new and last place of holding on the Mononga- hela.

We now submit to the student of western Pennsylvania history a full verbatim transcript of the records of the long since extinct court of Yohogania County, to be illustrated hereafter, it is hoped, by a col- lection of explanatory notes, identifying persons and places mentioned.

12 Henning’s Statutes, 264, 265.

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ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

ORGANIZATION ; First Day’s BUSINESS.

Yohogania County, Dec. 23, 1776.

In consequence of an Act of the General Assembly of Vir- ginia putting off all that part of the District of West Augusta Northward of the following bounds or lines (viz :) Beginning at the mouth of Cross Creek, running up the several courses thereof to the head; Thence South-Easterly to the nearest part of the dividing ridge Between the Ohio and the Monon- gahela Rivers, Thence along the said Dividing Ridge to the head of Ten Mile creek, Thence East to the road leading from Catfish camp to Redstone Old Fort, Thence with the said road to the Monongahela River, Thence across the said River to the said Fort, ‘Thence along Dunlap’s old road to Braddock’s Road, and with said road to the meridian of Potowmac River,

and a Commission of the Peace and a Commission of Oyer and ‘Terminer, Directed to John Campbell, Edward Ward, Thomas Smallman, Dorsey Pentecost, John Gibson, William Crawford, John Stephenson, John Cannon, George Vallanding- ham. William Goe, John Neaville, Isaac Cox, John McDowell, Richard Yeates, John McDaniel, George McCormick, Philip Ross, Benjamin KirKindall, William Harrison, Samuel Newell, Thomas Brown, Thomas Freeman, John De Compt, Joshua Wright, Oliver Miller, Benjamin Frye, Matthew Richie, An- drew Swearingen, Jacob Haymaker, Benjamin Harrison, and Zachariah Connell; Also a Dedimus Potestatum, directed to William Goe, John Neaville and Isaac Cox, or any two of them, to administer the oath prescribed by law to John Camp- bel, Edward Ward, Thomas Smallman, Dorsey Pentecost, John Gibson, John Cannon and George Vallandingham, or any two of them, and they to administer the aforesaid oath to the aforesaid Justices.

Whereupon the aforesaid William Goe and Isaac Cox ad- ministered the aforesaid oath to the aforesaid Dorsey Pente- cost, who thereupon did administer the aforesaid oath to the aforesaid Richard Yeates, George McCormick, Benjamin Kir- Kindall, Samuel Newell, William Goe, Isaac Cox, Thomas Freeman, Joshua Wright, Oliver Miller, Benjamin Frye, Mat- thew Richie, Andrew Swearingen and John Cannon, as Justices

of the Peace.

1’The marginal figures in (_ ) represent the original paging of these records.

MINUTES OF COURT OF YOHOGANIA COUNTY. 79

The court then proceeded to the election of their clerk, whereupon the said Dorsey Pentecost Esquire was unanimously chosen and appointed their Clerk, and ordered to take charge of their rolls.

Dorsey Pentecost took the oath Prescribed by Law as Clerk of this court.

The court demanded the Records and Papers from John Madison, Junior, Deputy Clerk of East Augusta, in whose cus- tody they are, Which he Peremptorily refused, Notwithstanding he confessed he had seen an Act of assembly directing him so to do.

Edward Ward, gentleman, came into court and prayed that the court would receive his reasons for refusing to act as Sheriff of this county, which was granted and were as follows :—That he cannot think of acting as Sheriff, or appointing any under Sheriffs, until the line Between the States of Virginia and Pennsylvania are fixed or limited, for on the North Eastern Bounds of this County There is still a Door open for dispute and Contintion, which has been heretofore the cause of Dis- turbing the Peace of the People Settled and claiming alter- nately The Jurisdiction of each Government, and before he can think of acting or any Person under him, he proposes pray- ing the General Assembly to have a Temporary line fixed be- tween them, or the limits of Pennsylvania run, or the Govern- ment of Virginia Peremptorily running the same, until which is done he cannot think of acting in any state or Government to Infringe on the reserved, rights of his fellow subjects ; he further assures that when Government has this done, he is ready to act with Cheerfulness, and if this Cannot be done he begs that the Court will Recommend some other gentleman to his Excellency to serve as sheriff,—and hopes the Court will acquiesce in Promoting the having the above bounds ascer- tained ; and further offers to qualify into the Commission of the: Peace.

The Court is of opinion that the said Edward Ward, gentle- man, may be Permitted to Qualify into the Commission of the Peace, they being of opinion that he is no sheriff untill he enters into Bond before this Court, and comply with the Tin- ner of his Commission as Sheriff; Whereupon the said Edward

SO

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ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

Ward came into Court and took the oath of a Justice of the Peace.

The Court is of opinion that Joshua Wright Gentleman is a proper person to be recommended to his Excellency the Gover- nor to serve as Sheriff, the whole of the above gentlemen named in the Commission of the Peace who are qualified refus- ing to act in said office on account of the great difficulty they apprehend will attend the execution of said office until such time as a line is fixed Between this CommonWealth and the state of Pennsylvania.

srice Virgin is appointed Constable to serve the Insuing year and that he be Summoned before Richard Yeates Gentle- man to be qualified into said office.

Richard Elson is appointed constable to serve the Insuing year, and that he be summoned before Isaac Cox, Gentleman, to Qualify into said office.

William Lankford is appointed Constable to serve the Ensu- ing year and that he be summoned before Matthew Richie Gentleman to be Qualified into said office, as also

John Alexander is appointed Constable to serve the Ensuing year, and that he be summoned before Matthew Richie Gentle- man to Qualify into said office.

Samuel Clerk is appointed Constable to serve the Ensuing year, and that he be summoned before William Goe, Gentle- man to (Qualify in said office.

Samuel Griffith is appointed Constable to serve the Ensuing year, and that he be summoned before William Goe Gentleman to qualify into said office.

Isaac Sparks is appointed Constable to serve the Ensuing year, and that he be summoned before Thomas Freeman, Gentleman to Qualify into said office.

Also John Brown, James Buorass, Matthew Hays, Bradley is appointed Constables to serve the Ensuing year, and that they be summoned before Edward Ward, Gentleman to (Qualify into said office.

William Gaston is appointed Constable to serve the Ensuing year, and that he be summoned before Andrew Swearingen, Gentleman to Qualify into said office.

Wm Hays is appointed Constable to serve the Ensuing year

MINUTES OF COURT OF YOHOGANIA COUNTY. 81

and that he be Summoned before John Cannon, Gentleman to be Qualified into said office.

John Johnston is appointed Constable to serve the Ensuing year, and that he be summoned before Joshua Wright Gentle- man to Qualify into said Office.

Josiah Orsborn and Philip Philips is appointed to Serve as Constables the Ensuing year, and that they be summoned before Samuel Newell Gentleman to Qualify into said office.

Andrew Dye & Peter Austurges is appointed Constables to Serve the Ensuing year, and that they be summoned before Benjamin Frye, Gentleman to Qualify into said Office.

John Beans is appointed Constable to serve the Ensuing year, and that he be summoned before Oliver Miller, Gentleman to Qualify into said office.

Ordered that Dorsey Penticost Esquire be recommended to his Excellency the Governor as a proper Person to have the Command of the Melitia of this County ; and that John Cannon be a proper Person to be recommended as Colonel of the said Melitia ; Isaac Cox be recommended as Leutenant Colonel of said Melitia, and Henry Taylor, Major of said Melitia.

Ordered that the Clerk forward a letter to his Excellency & Council, notifying the general dissatisfaction of the people of this County against the late Election’ being held on the Sabath day, the short notice of the said election, and of the Inconveni- ency of the Bounds circumscribing the said County.

Whereas by an act of the General Assembly the Suits &c brought and Instituted in the Court of the District of West Augusta are directed to be determined in this Court, and the Papers and Records relative thereto are now in the hands of John Maddison, Junior, Deputy Clerk of East Augusta, who hath this day been Called upon to deliver the said Papers and records to this Court, which he, the said John Maddison, in

(5) contempt of the said Act and the demands of this Court refuses to deliver, to the manifest Injury of Individuals and evident hurt of the Publick: Ordered, therefore, that a Process be Issued to apprehend the said John Maddison and forthwith bring him before this Court to answer the above misdemeanor.

Court adjourned until Court in Course. Epw? Warp.

1 This was perhaps the election held on December 8, to choose a place for holding the court.

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ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

Court met on Monday the 28th of April 1777, according to adjournment to Court in Course.

Present: Edward Ward, John Cannon, John McDowell, Richard Yeates, Benjamin Kirkindall, Joshua Wright, Oliver Miller and Andrew Swearingen, Gentlemen Justices.

On the Court’s meeting and the Sheriff's Commission not coming to Mr. Joshua Wright, agreable to recommendation of the Court and notwithstanding Colonel Penticost’s letter to Colonel Cannon, Insuring him he had a Sheriff’s Commission for Mr. Wright, he refused to act Protempory. Therefore the Court was reduced to the necessity of appointing another, as there was an Election to be held for a Senitor and Delegates, and a Criminal to be tried and other Breeches of the Peice.

The question being first put to Mr. Joshua Wright, to be ap- pointed Protempory, and he refused, notwithstanding his hear- ing of the Commission:as aforesaid ; but said if his commission had came to this Court he would have sworn into said Office. — The Question then being put to the rest of the Court, who would serve as Sheriff, and all refused to, Except Mr. William Harrison, who agreed to be appointed, and the Court’ unani- mously agreed that the said Mr. Harrison be recommended as a proper Person for Sheriff and Mr. Joshua Wright concurd with the Court.

The Court is of the opinion that William Harrison, Samuel Newell and Thomas Freeman are proper persons to be recom- mended for Sheriffs the Insuing year.

William Harrison came into Court and took the oath as Sheriff.

Court adjourned ‘Tuesday 7 O’ Clock.’

Court met according to adjournment.

Present: Edward Ward, John Cannon, John McDowell, Richard Yeates, Benjaman Kirkindall, Joshua Wright, Oliver Miller, Andrew Swearingen, Gentleman Justices.

Zacheriah Connell came into Court and took the oath of Justice of ‘the Piece:

The Court Still Labouring under great difficulty for the want of a Clerk, as Colonel Dorsey Penticost our former Clerk lying

o’clock !

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MINUTES OF CouRT OF YOHOGANIA COUNTY. 83

in Baltimore in the Small Pox. ‘The Court then applied to Mr. James Innis, who the said Colonel Penticost had appointed to serve as Clerk in his absence, and when application was made to said Mr. Innis, he refused to attend the Court; his answer was that he only agread to ‘attend the March Court — upon which the Court Choose Mr. Isaac Cox for their Clerk who Came into Court and swore into said Office.

Zachariah Connell, William Lee and Andrew Heth came into Court and took the Oath of Captains of the Militia.

John Cannon Came into Court and took the Oath as Colonel of the Melitia.

Henry Taylor came into Court and took the oath of Major of the Melitia.

Joshua Wright was applied to by the Court to Swear into his Captain’s commission, but he refused as he was a Leiutenant of a former Nominal Company.

John Meligan being charged with Felloniously Murdering William Guttery and being Convicted for the same, was brought into Court, and he acknowledged he was guilty of the Crime he stod charged with, and the Court is of Opinion that the said Crimminal for said fellony ought to be sent to the general Court for farther Trial.

John Melony and Samson Beavers, Securities for Joseph Ross, for his appearance at the Court, as by his recognizance appears, came into the Court and delivered said Ross to the Court, and after the Court had heared the Complaint, was fined twenty five Shellings for swearing four Blasfemous Oaths before John Cannon, one before John Johnston —and ordered that the said Ross give Security for his better Behavior For one

year and one day.

John Melony came into Court and agreed to be security for Joseph Ross’s keeping the Piece and better Behavior to the Subjects of the Common Wealth, and esspecially to Colonel John Cannon, whome he had threatened to abuse the first opper- tunity. The said security bound in the sum of one Hundred pounds.

Upon the Petition of Benjaman Jones ordered that John 3ennitt be summoned to Bring a Boy Claimed by the said Jones to the Next Court.

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ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

Samson Beavers come into Court and entered Security for the payment of twenty five Shellings at the laying of the Next Parrish Levey, it being Joseph Ross’s fine for swearing.

Court is adjourned untill Wednesday 8 Oclock.

Court met according to adjournment.

Present: Edward Ward, John Cannon, Oliver Miller and Zacheriah Connell, Gentlemen Justices.

The Sheriff came into Court and gave Bond and Security for the true performance of the said office.

John Crow being charged with Breach of the piece, ordered that the said Crow give Security for his Better behavior towards all the Subjects of the Common Wealth, and Especially to Joseph Ross for a year and one day. Henry Taylor and James Austurges enter Security for the same, bound in the sum of one Hundred pounds.

Ordered that the Clerk furnish the Sheriff with all papers necessary for the Tryal of John Milligan at the General Court.

Ordered that the Clerk send down the recommendation for William Harrison to be Sheriff.

Ordered that the Clerk send down by Mr. William Harrison all proceedings of the Court relative to the appointment of the Sheriff and Clerk.

Patrick McGey, Thomas Smyth and James Furgurson being Convicted for Breaches of the piece — Ordered that the said Patrick McGey, Thomas Smyth and James Furgurson give Security to each other, for their better Behaviour for the Space of one year and one day, and also to all the Subjects of the Common Wealth.

Henry ‘Taylor and John McGey enter Security for Patrick McGey and ‘Thomas Smyth.

John Crow and David Williams enter Security for James Furgurson.

Ordered that Patrick McGey and Thomas Smyth be fined the Sum of two pounds each, and that the Sheriff secure the same and pay it to James Furgurson.

Charles Harrison and William McKee is appointed Constables for the Ensuing year, and that they be Summoned _ before Zacheriah Connel Gentleman to swear into said office.

The Court adjourned to Court in Course.

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MINUTES OF COURT OF YOHOGANIA COUNTY. 85

At a Court Continued and held for Yohogania County May 26th, 1777.

Present: William Crawford, Benjaman Kirkindall, John McDaniel and Oliver Miller, Gentlemen Justices — The afore- said William Crawford and John McDaniel being Previously sworn by the aforesaid Benjaman Kirkindall and Oliver Miller, Gentlemen Justices.

Colo Dorsey Penticost came into Court and beged that the Court would consider the Cause of his not attending their Court at their last meeting — he the said Pentecost, Convinced this Court that it was out of his power to attend, he being at that Time confined in the Small Pox —and prayed the Court to reestablish him in his Office as Clerk of their Court. Colonel Isaac Cox who was appointed Clerk of this Court to succeed him, acquiesing in Said Petition, on the Proviso that

his Bonds given the Court for the due performance of his Office be given up or Confiscated ; the Court is therefore of opinion that the Reasons Offered by the said Pentecost for his non- attendance at Last Court is satisfactory and the Court acquiesce with his and Colonel Cox’s request. — And it is accordingly ordered that Colonel Cox’s Bond be delivered him and he is hereby released therefrom and that the said Pentecost enter into Bond with this Court for the due performance of his Office, and to Take the Charge of the Rolls of this County as Clerk to this Court.

Colonel Isaac Cox took his seat in Court.

Colonel William Crawford absent.

Thomas Cook came into Court and took the Oath of Captain of the Militia.

John Muchelhaney is appointed Constable to Serve the Ensu- ing year and that he be Summoned before Benjamin Kirkin- dall, Gentleman, to Qualify into said Office.

Benjamin Kirkindall (otherwise Called Jorsey Ben)! is ap- pointed Constable to Serve the Ensuing year, and that he be Summoned before Oliver Miller, Gentleman, to Qualify into said Office.

Court adjourned untill Tomorrow 9 O’ Clock.

Isaac Cox.

1 Not the Gentleman Justice, but another Benjamin.

86 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

May the 27th 1777, Court met according to adjournment.

Present: Isaac Cox, William Crawford, Oliver Miller, John McDaniel, Benjamin Kirkindall and Benjaman Frye, Gentle- men Justices.

Upon the Petition of Benjaman Jones exhibited against a certain John Bennitt for unlawfully detaining his son Enoch Jones, an Infant.

Ordered that the Said John Bennitt deliver the said Boy Enoch Jones unto the said Benjaman Jones, with Such House- hold firnitureas he may have, the property of the said Boy Enoch Jones, and the said Benjaman Jones pay the said John Bennitt the Sum of Six pounds on the delivery of the said Boy Enoch Jones, and that the said John Bennitt deliver unto the said Infant, Enoch Jones, when he arrives at the age of ‘Twenty one years, one good Cow and Calf.

Michael ‘Thorn and Joshua Meeks both come into Court and Took the oath of Captains of the Melitia.

Ordered — That Zacheriah Connell Gentleman, Take in the List of Tithables in the following Bounds, Viz: — Beginning at the head of Maryland and Extending along Bradock’s Road To Thomas Gist, Thence with Froman’s Road to Byer’s Run,

(10) thence down the said Run to Yough River, Thence down the said River to the mouth of Swedley Creek, Thence with said Creek and the Northern bounds of the County to the Begin- ning.*

Ordered—That Edward Ward, Gentleman be appointed to Take in the List of Tithables within that part of the County Lying West of Swedley Creek East of the Alleghany River & North of the Monaungahela River.

Ordered — That William Goe Gentleman be appointed to take in the List of Tithables within the following Bounds, (Vizt) Beginning at William Castleman’s on the head of Little Redstone Creek, Thence on a Strait line to the mouth of Worshington’s Mill Run,’ Thence down Yough River To its Junction with Monaungahela River, thence up the said River

1 At this time there were no townships, in Yohogania County at least, created by statutory authority, as in Pennsylvania.

2 Doubtless Washington’s Mill Run.

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MINUTES OF CouRT OF YOHOGANIA COUNTY. 87

Monaungahela to the mouth of Little Redstone Creek, Thence up the said Creek to the aforesaid Willam Castleman’s.

Ordered — ‘Thomas Freeman Gentleman be appointed to Take in the List of Tithables within the following bounds ( Vizt) : Within that part of the County Lying Between the Laurel Hill and the Monaungahela River, and between the line of this County and the Monaungahela County and the following Line. Vizt — Beginning at the House of Thomas Gist Esquire and ex- tending Along Froman’s Road to Byer’s Run, Thence down said Run to Yough River, thence Down said River to the mouth of Worshington’s Mill Run. ‘Thence on a Strait-line to the House of William Castleman on the head of Little Redstone Creek, Thence down said Creek to its junction.

Ordered — That Benjaman Frye Gentleman, be appointed to Take in the List of Tythables, within the following Bounds, Vizt. Beginning at the mouth of Pigion Creek and running up the said Creek to its fountain, Thence a South Course to the South Line of the County, Thence with said Bounds to the Monaungahela River, Thence down the said River to the Beginning.

Ordered — That Benjaman Kirkindall, Gentleman be ap- pointed to Take in the List of Tithables within the following Bounds (Vizt) Beginning at the mouth of Pigeon Creek and extending up the same to its fountain, Thence a South line to the South bounds of the County, thence with said bounds to the Top of the dividing Ridge Between the waters of the Mo- naungahela River and Chirteers Creek, Thence along said Ridge to the head of Peter’s Creek, Thence down the said Creek to the mouth, thence up the Monaungahela River to the seginning.

Ordered — That Oliver Miller Gentleman be appointed to take in the List of Tithables within the following Bounds, Vizt. Beginning at the mouth of Peter’s Creek and extending up the same to its fountain—thence on a Strait Line to Ezeel John- ston’s on Churteer’s Creek, thence down the same to its Junc- tion with the Ohio, Thence up the Rivers Ohio and Monaun- gahela to the Beginning.

Ordered — That Richard Yeates Gentleman, be appointed to take in the list of Tithables within the following Bounds Vizt.

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ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

Beginning at the mouth of the East fork of Churteers Creek and Extending up the same to Ezekiel Johnston’s, Thence on a Strait Line to the head of Peter’s Creek, Thence along the dividing ridge between Churteer’s Creek and the Monaungahela River to the South line of the County, Thence along said line to the middle or main fork of Churteer’s Creek, Thence down said Creek to the place of Beginning.

Ordered — That Andrew Swearingen Gentleman be appointed to ‘Take in the List of Tithables within the following bounds, (Vizt) Beginning at the mouth of the West fork of Churteer’s Creek and Extending up the same to the Top of the deviding ridge Between Churteer’s and Cross Creeks, Thence along said Ridge to the South Line of the County, thence along said Line to the Main fork of Churteer’s Creek, Thence down the same to the Beginning.

Ordered — That John McDaniel Gentleman be appointed to take in the List of Tithables within the following Bounds, (Vizt) Beginning at the mouth of the West fork of Churteer’s and extending up the Said Fork to the Top of the Dividing Ridge Between Churteer’s Creek and Cross and Raccoon Creeks, Thence down the Said ridge to the head of Robertson’s run, Thence down the said run to Churteer’s Creek, thence up the said Creek to the Beginning.

Ordered — That Samuel Newell Gentleman be appointed to Take in the List of Tithables within the following Bounds, Vizt — Beginning at the mouth of Churteer’s Creek and extend- ing up the same to the mouth of Robertson’s run, Thence up said run to Croghan’s Line, Thence with said line to Raccon Creek, Thence down said Creek to the Ohio, Thence up said River to the Beginning.

Ordered — Matthew Richie Gentlemen be appointed to take in the List of ‘Tithables within the following Bounds, Vizt.— Beginning on the Ohio at the mouth of Raccoon Creek, Extend- ing down said River to the mouth of Indian Creek, ‘Thence up the same to its fountain, Thence on a Strait Line to Thomas Rogeres on Raccoon Creek, Thence down the same to the Beginning.

Ordered — That Isaac Cox Gentleman be appointed to Take in the List of Tithables within the following Bounds, ( Vizt) —

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MINUTES OF CouRT OF YOHOGANIA COUNTY. 89

Beginning at the mouth of Cross Creek and extending up the same to the head, thence along the dividing ridge between Cross, Raccoon and Churteer’s Creeks to Croghan’s line, Thence with said line to Raccoon Creek, Thence up the same to Thomas Rogers’s, Thence on a Strait line to the head of Indian Creek, Thence down the Same to Ohio River, Thence with the Said River to the Beginning.

An Execution Issued by Edward Ward Gentleman against Samuel Ewalt, ordenary keeper, for keeping a disorderly House. The Sheriff returns Executed and five pounds ready to render — Ordered That the Sheriff retain said money in his hands untill the Laying the next Levy.

Abraham Dale vs Debt — Ahias Capias.

Richard Elson

[2 folios, 4 pages missing ] .

The last Will and Testament of Jacob Lamb deceased was proved by the oaths of John Crow and John Wright to of the subscribing Witnesses. George Kintner came into Court and Took the oath of Executor of the Last Will and Testament of Jacob Lamb deceased, and entered into Bond for his perform- ance according to Law with John Crow and John Wright his securities.

Upon the Representation of Alen Tharp and Wife, that a Certain Michael Humble did forcibly and with a Strong hand Carry away from them, the Complainants, five of their Chil- dren. Ordered — That the said Michael Humble forthwith deliver the said Children to the aforesaid Alen Tharp and Wife.

Ordered — That the Court be adjourned untill Tomorrow 7 Oclock in the forenoon. Isaac Cox.

June 25th 1777, Court met according to adjournment.

Present : John Campbell, Isaac Cox, Richard Yeates, Thomas Freeman, Oliver Miller and Zacheriah Connell, Gentlemen, Justices.

Ordered — That the Sheriff cause to be Erected a pair of Stocks, anda Whiping post in the Court-House yard by next Court.

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ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

Upon the information of Zacheriah Connell, Gentleman, That James Johnston did this day swear two profane oaths and two profane Cusses — Ordered, That the said James Johnston be fined Twenty Shillings, Currant money for the same.

Upon the information of Isaac Gox Gentleman that James Johnston did this day swear three profane Oaths and one pro- fane Curse — ordered, That the said James Johnston be fined Twenty Shillings Currant money for the same.

Upon the information of John Campbell Gentleman That James Johnston did this day swear four profane oaths, ordered —That the said James Johnston be fined one pound Currant money for the same.

Ordered — That Richard Yeates and Isaac Leet be appointed to meet two Gentlemen to be appointed by the Court of Mo- naungahela County, at the House of Captain Reason Ver- gin’s on the forth day of August Next, to run the line agre- able to Act of Assembly between this County and the said County of Monaungahela.

Ordered — That Richard Yeates and Isaac Leet be appointed to meet two Gentlemen to be appointed by the Court of Ohio County at the House of William Shearer’s, on the head of Cross Creek, on the first day of August next to run the line between this County and the said County of Ohio agreeable to Act of Assembly.

Ordered — That the Court of Monaungahela be requested to appoint two gentlemen of their County to meet two Gentle- men already appointed by this Court at the House of Captain Reason Vergin’s, on the forth day of August next, to run the line Between this County and the said County of Monaunga- hela, agreeable to act of assembly.

Ordered — That the Court of Ohio County be requested to appoint two Gentlemen of their County to meet two Gentle- men already appointed by this County at the House of William Shearer’s, on the head of Cross Creek, on the first day of August next to run the Line between this County and the said County of Ohio agreeable to act of assembly.

Ordered — That Court be adjourned untill Court in Course.

Isaac Cox.

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MINUTES OF CouRT OF YOHOGANIA COUNTY. 91

Ata Court Continued and held for Yohogania County August 7 a i Oy

Present: Isaac Cox, Richard Yeates, Thomas Freeman, John McDowell and Zacheriah Connell Gentlemen Justices.

Ordered: That for Conveniency of Seting and Expediting Business, That the Court be adjourned to the House now occu- pied by Andrew Heath.’ Isaac Cox.

At the House of Andrew Heath, Court met according to adjournment.

Present: John Campbell, Isaac Cox, Richard Yeates, Thomas Freeman, John Cannon, John McDowell, John Mc- Daniel and William Goe, Gentlemen Justices.

The last Will and Testiment of Job Robins was proved by the oaths of Joseph Brown and Joseph Sprouce, the two Sub- scribing Witnesses and ordered to be recorded.

Benjaman Custard and Rebekah Robins came into Court and Took the oath of Executors of the Estate of Job Robins de- ceased and entered into Bond with Gabriel Cox and Zadock Wright their Securitys. —

Ordered — That David Cox, John Trumbo and Thomas Spencer or any two of them being first sworn do appraise the Estate of Job Robins deceased and Return the Inventory to next Court.

Bargain and Sale, Jonathan Plummer to Henry Heath, was acknowledged by the said Jonathan Plummer party thereto and ordered to be recorded.

Zachariah Connell Gent, Plaintiff vs In Case

Samuel Wells, Defendant

This day the plaintiff by his attorney, and Edmond Lindsey personally appeared in Court and undertook for the said De- fendant, That in Case he shall be Cast in this Suit that he shall pay and satisfie the condemnation of the Court or render his Body to Prison in Execution for the same or that he the said Edmond Lindsey will do it for him, whereupon the said Defendant prays and hath leave to Imparle untill next Court and then to plead.

' Had the court theretofore been held at Augusta Town ?

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ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

Jacob Bauseman produced a Commission as Captain of the Melitia which being read, The said Jacob Bauseman Came into Court and Took the Oath of Captain of the Melitia.

George Vallandingham, Gentleman named in the Commis- sion of the piece Came into Court and took the Oath of Jus- tice of the Piece.

Edward Ward, Gent., Plant Vs InsG@ase

Joseph Wells, Defendant

This day came the plaintiff by his attorney, and Thomas Freeman Gentleman, personally appeared in Court and under- took for the Defendant that in Case shall be Cast in this Suit, that he shall pay and Satisfie the Condemnation of the Court or render his Body to Prison in Execution for the same, or that he, the said Thomas Freeman will do it for him, where- upon the said Defendant prays and hath leave to Imparl untill next Court and then to plead

Walter Buscoe Plaintiff VS. In Case

Edward ‘Todd, Defendant

This day came the plaintiff by his attorney, and Joseph Wells Personally appeared in Court and undertook for the said defendant that in Case he shall be Cast in this Suit that he shall pay and Satisfie the Condemnation of the Court or render his Body to Prison in Execution for the Same or that he the said Joseph Wells do it for him. Whereupon the Defendant prays and hath leave to Imparle untill next Court and then to plead.

Isaac Leet Came into Court and Took the oath of Deputy Sheriff.

Ordered that John James Wood be appointed Constable to serve the Ensuing year and that he be sommened before Wil- liam Goe, Gentleman, to Qualify into said Office.

Ordered — That Court be adjourned untill Tomorrow morn- ing Six O’Clock.? Joun CAMPBELL.

August 26th 1777. Court met according to adjournment. Present: John Campbell, John McDowell, Isaac Cox,

16 o'clock !

MINUTES OF CouURT OF YOHOGANIA COUNTY. 93

Richard Yeates, John McDaniel, William Goe, Zacheriah Connell, George Vallandingham, Thomas Freeman and John Cannon, Gentlemen Justices.

David McClure by his attorney Complains that Sarah Bres- ling an Indented Servant was delivered of a Bastard Child within her said Time of Service and the said Sarah Bresling being Called Came into Court and Confessed to the Charge. It is thereupon Ordered by the Court that the said Sarah Bresling doth serve her said Master the Term of one whole Year from the tenth day of October Next (being the expiration of her service by Indenture) to reemburs her said Master for his Loss and Trouble for the same — or that she pay her Mas- ter the sum of one Thousand Pounds of Tobacco in Leu of said Service.

Bargain and Sale. Dorsey Pentecost to Samuel and Robert Purviance for Three Hundred and fifty two acres of Land acknowledged by said Pentecost, party thereto and ordered to be recorded.

3argain and Sale from Dorsey Pentecost to Samuel and Robert Purviance, acknowledged by said Pentecost party thereto and ordered to be recorded for four hundred and Six acres of Land.

Bargain and Sale from Dorsey Pentecost to Samuel and Robert Purviance for three Hundred and Seven acres of Land. Acknowledged by said Pentecost, party thereto, and ordered to be recorded.

Bargain and Sale from Dorsey Pentecost to Samuel and Robert Purviance for one Hundred & Sixty three acres of Land. Acknowledged by said Pentecost, Party thereto and ordered to be recorded.

Bargain and Sale. Dorsey Pentecost to Jesse Hollingsworth for five Hundred and fifty one acres of Land, acknowledged by Said Pentecost, party thereto and ordered to be recorded.

Edward Ward, Gent, Plaintiff against In Case Richard Dunn, Defendant This day came the Plaintiff by his attorney, and Patrick MuckElroy Personally appeared in Court and undertook for the

94

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ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

said Defendant, that in Case he should by Cast in this Suit that he Shall pay and Satisfie the Condemnation of the Court or render his Body to Prison in Execution for the same, or that he, the said Patrick MuckElroy will do it for him, whereupon the said Defendant prays and hath Leave to Imparl untill next Court and then to plead.

Joseph Wells is appointed Constable to serve the Ensuing year. Whereupon the said Joseph Came into Court and Took the Oath of a Constable.

Oliver Miller Gentleman, Justice Present.

Upon the Petition of Paul Froman, Setting forth that he is desirous of Building a Water Mill on Mingo Creek at the mouth Thereof; and praying an order to view and Condimn one Acre of Land on the opposite Side from said Froman’s Land for that Purpose,

Ordered — That the Sheriff be Commanded to Sommon twelve Freeholders of his Vissinage to meet on the aforesaid land and they being first Sworn Shall diligintly View and Ex- amine the said Land which shall be Effected or Laid under Water by the Building Said Mill with the Timber and ‘other conveniences thereon, and that they report the same to Next Court with the True Value of said acre of Land Petitioned for and of the Damages done the Party holding the same.

William Brashers produced a Bond Payable from Thomas Hamilton to Andrew Swearingen for five hundred pounds Cur- rant Money with a Condition to deliver to this Court the Body of a Certain Robert Hamilton, which he hath not fulfilled.

Ordered —'That the said Bond be put in Suit against the said ‘Thomas Hamilton.

Ordered: That the following Gentlemen be Appointed to make a Tour of the Different Districts hereafter mentioned, and Tender the Oath of Allegience and Fidelity to this Common Wealth to all free Male Inhabitants, agreable to an Act of Assembly Intitled an act to oblige all the free Male Inhabitants above a Certain age to give assurance of allegience to this state and for other purposes, Therein Mentioned.’

Ordered — ‘That Matthew Richie, Gentleman, be appointed

! For the act itself see 9 Hening 281.

MINUTES OF CouRT OF YOHOGANIA COUNTY. 95

for the above purpose within the following Bounds, Vizt :— Beginning at the mouth of Cross Creek and up the same to the Dividing ridge Between said Creek, Raccoon and Churteer’s Creeks ; thence along said Ridge to Croghan’s Line ; thence with said Line to Raccoon Creek; thence up the same to Thomas Rogers’s ; thence on Strait Line to the head of Indian Creek ; thence down the same to the Ohio; thence down the said River Ohio to the Beginning.

Ordered :— That Samuel Newell, Gentleman, be appointed for the above purpose within the following Bounds, Vizt :— Beginning at the mouth of Churteer’s Creek, extending up the same to the mouth of Robertson’s run ; thence up the said Run to Croghan’s Line ; thence with said Line to Raccoon Creek ; thence down Said Creek to the Ohio ; thence up the same to the Beginning.

Ordered :—That John McDaniel, Gentleman, be appointed for the above purpose within the following Bounds, Viz: Beginning at the mouth of the West fork of Churteer’s Creek, Extending up the said fork to the top of the dividing ridge, Between Churteer’s Creek, Cross and Raccoon Creeks ; thence along Said ridge to the head of Robertson’s run; thence down said Run to the Churteer’s Creek ; thence up the said Creek to the Beginning.

Ordered :— That Andrew Swearingen, Gentleman, be ap- pointed for the above purpose within the following Bounds, Vizt: Beginning at the mouth of the West fork of Churteer’s Creek and Extending up the same to the Top of the dividing ridge Between Churteer’s Creek and Cross Creek ; thence along said Ridge to the South Bounds of the County ; thence with said Bounds to the Main Fork of Churteer’s Creek ; thence down the same to the Beginning.

Ordered : — That Isaac Cox, Gentleman, be appointed for the above Purpose, within the following Bounds, Vizt: all that part of the County Lying west of Sweedly Creek, East of the Allegheny River, & North of the Monaungahela River.’

Ordered — That Oliver Miller, Gentleman, be appointed for The above purpose within the following Bounds, Vizt: Begin-

1 This indicates that the jurisdiction claimed extended well up northeast of Pitts-

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ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

ning at the mouth of Peters Creek and extending up the same to the head, thence a Strait Line to Ezekeel Johnston’s on Churteer’s Creek, thence down the same to the mouth ; Thence up the Ohio and the Monaungahela River to the Beginning.

Ordered : — That Benjaman Kirkindall, Gentleman, be ap- pointed for the above purpose within the following Bounds, Vizt : — Beginning at the mouth of Pigeon Creek, Extending up the same to the head, Thence a South Line to the South Bounds of the County, thence with said Bounds to the Top of the dividing ridge between the waters of the Monaungahela River and Churteer’s Creek, Thence along said ridge to the head of Peters Creek, thence down the same to the Monaun- ghela River, thence up the same to the Beginning.

Ordered : — That William Goe and Thomas Freeman, Gen- tlemen, be appointed for the above purpose within the follow- ing Bounds, Vizt : — Beginning at the mouth of Little Red- stone Creek and Extending up the same to the House of Wil- liam Castlemans, Thence on a Strait line to the mouth of Worshington’s Mill run, thence up Yough River to the mouth of Byer’s run, Thence up said Run to Froman’s Road ; Thence along said road to ‘Thomas Gist, Esquire, Thence along Laurel Hill to Dunlap’s old road, ‘Thence with said road to the Mo- naungahela River, ‘Thence with said River to the Beginning.

Ordered: — That Zacheriah Connell, Gentleman, be ap- pointed for the above purpose within the following Bounds, Vizt: Beginning at the head of Maryland and extending along Bradock’s Road to Thomas Gists, Esquires ; ‘Thence with Fro- man’s Road to head of Byer’s Run; Thence down said Run to Yough River; Thence down the same to mouth of Sweedley Creek ; Thence with said Creek and North Bounds of the County to the Beginning.

Ordered : — ‘That Benjaman Frye, Gentleman, be appointed for the above purpose within the following Bounds, Vizt: Be- ginning at the Mouth of Little Redstone Creek extending up the same to the House of William Castleman; Thence ona Strait Line to the mouth of Warshington’s mill run; ‘Thence down the river Yough to the Monaungahela; Thence up the same to the Beginning.

Ordered : —'That Richard Yeates, Gentleman, be appointed

MINUTES OF COURT OF YOHOGANIA COUNTY. 97

for the above purpose within the following Bounds, Vizt: Be- ginning at the mouth of Pigeon Creek and Extending up the same to its fountain ; Thence South to the South Bounds of the County ; thence with said bounds to the Monaungahela River ; Thence down said River to the Beginning.

Ordered : — That John Inks [illegible], Benjamin Wells, John White, Jun, Henry Boyles, Samuel Clerk, Samuel Griffith, William McKee, John Brown, Isaac Sparks, Peter Austerges, John James Wood, and Brice Vergin, be appointed Constables to serve the Ensueing year, and that they be Sommoned to attend Next Court (or the Nearest Justice) to Qualify into said Office.

Ordered : — That the Sheriff Call on Mr. John Anderson, of Pittsburg, or any other person, for the papers and records be- longing to the District of West Augusta, and that the said Sheriff give the said Mr. John Anderson, or any other person who may deliver the said Records, a Receipt for the same ; and that he deliver the said Papers and Records to the Clerk of this Court, who is also ordered to give the said Sheriff a Receipt for said delivery.

Robert Hamilton, a prisoner in the Sheriffs Custody, came into Court and in the grocest and most impolite Manner In- sulted the Court, and Richard Yeates, Gentleman, in par- ticular: Ordered, That the Sheriff confine the feet of the said Robert Hamilton in the lower rails of the fence for the space of five minutes.

Ordered : — That any prisoner or prisoners the Sheriff have, Shall be Confined in the guard or some other room in Fort pitt, with the acquiesance of General Hand, untill such Time as a proper goal can be provided for the County.

Ordered : — That Isaac Cox, Oliver Miller and Benjaman Kirkindall, be appointed, or any two of them, to Contract with a proper person or Persons, to Build a Goal and Court house in the following manner, and at the following place, Vizt: The Goal and Court House are to be Included in one whole and Intire Building, of round sound Oak, to go ‘Twenty four feet Long and Sixteen feet wide; two Story high; The lower Story to be eight feet high, Petitioned in the Middle ;

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ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

with Squeared hewed Logs with Locks, and bears to the door and Windows, according to law, which Shall be the Goal. The upper Story to be five feet high in the Sides, with a good Cabbin Roof, with Convenient seats for the Court & Bar, and a Clerk’s Table, to remain in one room, with a pair of Stairs on the outside to Assend up to said Room, which Shall be place for holding Court ; with two floors to be laid with strong hewed logs; the whole to be Compleat and finished in one month from the date hereof. ‘The said Building to be Erected on the plantation of Andrew Heath at Such Convenient place as the said Isaac Cox, Oliver Miller & Benjaman Kirkindall, Gentle- men, or any two of them shall think Proper.

Ordered — That John McDowell, Gentleman, be appointed to Take a Tour within the following Bounds, and Tender the oath of allegience and Fidelity to the State, to all free male Inhabitants within the same, above sixteen years of age, agree- able to act of Assembly: Beginning at the mouth of the East fork of Churteer’s Creek and Extending up the same to Ezekil Johnston’s; Thence on a Strait Line to the head of Peter’s Creek ; Thence on the Top of the Deviding Ridge Between the Monaungahela River and Churteer’s Creek to the South Bounds of the County ; Thence with said Bounds to the Main fork of Churteers Creek Thence with said Creek to the Be- ginning.

Ordered — That the Court be adjourned to 6 Oclock ‘Tomorrow Morning.

JoHN CAMPBELL.

August 27th Court met according to adjournment.

Present: John Campbell, Richard Yeates, William Goe, George Vallandingham, John McDowell, Isaac Cox, Thomas Freeman, Oliver Miller, Zacheriah Connel, John Cannon & John McDaniel, Gentlemen Justices.

Alexander Bowling against William Poston. Pluries Capias.

Alexander Bowling against Francis Morrison. In Case. Plur. Capias.

Christian Summitt against John Golliher and wife. In Slan- der, Plurious Capias.

MINUTES OF COURT OF YOHOGANIA COUNTY. 99

Thomas Rankin against Jeremiah Standsburry. In Case, Alias Capias.

David Day against Jacob Hedricks. In Case. Alias Capias.

John Lydea against Joseph Cox. In Case. Alias Capias.

Matthew Dale against Richard Elson. In Case, Alias Capias.

Benjaman Jones against Patrick McDaniel. In Case. Plur- ious Capias.

William McMahan against John Greathouse. In Case, Plu. Cap.

Daniel Swigert against Benjaman Newgent. Atteachment, Continued for want of Prosecution.

Peter Reasoner against Davis Ruth. In Case. Alias Capias.

Shillings against Spencer Collins. In Case. Alias Cap.

Dorsey Pentecost against Christopher McDaniel. Debt.